{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:59:56Z","timestamp":1776790796936,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD, USA","award":["HHSN-2722017-00038I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN-2722017-00038I"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["HHSN-2722017-00038I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN-2722017-00038I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. Methods: Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4\/CHDC2094\/1974\/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. Results: IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p &lt; 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg\/mL), and significantly (p &lt; 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg\/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. Conclusions: We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chad","family":"Artman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nnebuefe","family":"Idegwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3234-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle D.","family":"Brumfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Hauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl","family":"Falzarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Parre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"INCUINTA, IVIT, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Argentina), Buenos Aires 1712, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-1737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9449-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius G.","family":"Goepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00858-15","article-title":"Maternal Vaccination with a Fimbrial Tip Adhesin and Passive Protection of Neonatal Mice Against Lethal Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge","volume":"83","author":"Luiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. 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