{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:17:19Z","timestamp":1791663439165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Livestock Research Institute","award":["100AS-2.1.1-LI-L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100AS-2.1.1-LI-L1"]}]},{"name":"Livestock Research Institute","award":["104AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]},{"name":"Livestock Research Institute","award":["105AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]},{"name":"Livestock Research Institute","award":["107AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute","award":["100AS-2.1.1-LI-L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100AS-2.1.1-LI-L1"]}]},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute","award":["104AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute","award":["105AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute","award":["107AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107AS-2.1.3-HI-H1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) and PCV2a vaccines, this study aimed to explore its unrevealing cryptic epitope and its relation to PCV2-infected herd immunity. To discover the C-terminus of the capsid protein of PCV2a, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this work. Two mAbs bound the two minimal linear epitopes (229PPLKP233 and 228DPPLNP233 (or 229PPLNP233)), which were located at the C-terminus of the capsid proteins of PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively. One mAb bound to the minimal linear epitope (220QFREFNLK227, peptide P82), but it neither bound the virus-like particle (VLP) of PCV2a nor produced positive staining in PCV2a-infected cells by immunofluorescence assay. Further, the residues 220\u2013227 were not accessible on the surface of the VLP on the three-dimensional model, but the residues 228\u2013231 extend toward the VLP exterior. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to screen anti-viral peptide-specific IgGs, which could differentiate vaccinated pigs from non-vaccinated ones. The data show two 220QFREFNLKDPPLKP233-containing peptides had a significantly higher binding reactivity with sera from PCV2-infected pigs in the control group than with sera from the VLP-vaccine group, particularly seen in sera from swine aged 15 weeks to 24 weeks. However, the peptide P82 had not this phenomenon in that test. This study confirmed that C-terminal epitopes play an important role in PCV2-induced decoy of swine humoral immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Carboxyl-Terminal Decoy Epitopes in the Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Are Immunogenicity-Enhancers That Elicit Predominantly Specific Antibodies in Non-Vaccinated Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ling-Chu","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County 35054, Taiwan"},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan"},{"name":"Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan 71246, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900601","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Associated Disease: Update on Current Terminology, Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies","volume":"19","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/295064a0","article-title":"A Very Small Porcine Virus with Circular Single-Stranded DNA","volume":"295","author":"Tischer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51473-6","article-title":"Environmental Distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Swine Herds with Natural Infection","volume":"9","author":"Prieto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1998.0295","article-title":"Experimental Reproduction of Severe Wasting Disease by Co-Infection of Pigs with Porcine Circovirus and Porcine Parvovirus","volume":"121","author":"Allan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.1999.0337","article-title":"Reproduction of Lesions of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome by Infection of Conventional Pigs with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Alone or in Combination with Porcine Parvovirus","volume":"122","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"218","article-title":"Enteritis Associated with Porcine Circovirus 2 in Pigs","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.10.007","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infections: Clinical Signs, Pathology and Laboratory Diagnosis","volume":"164","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695132","article-title":"Postweaning Mulstisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in Pigs. A Review","volume":"24","author":"Domingo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.019","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccination of Conventional Pigs Prevents Viremia against PCV2 Isolates of Different Genotypes and Geographic Origins","volume":"26","author":"Fort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.05.003","article-title":"Can Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection Be Eradicated by Mass Vaccination?","volume":"172","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"219","article-title":"Efficacy of the Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) Vaccination under Field Conditions","volume":"54","author":"Dors","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0405-2","article-title":"Evaluation of Natural Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Subclinical Infection and Seroconversion Dynamics in Piglets Vaccinated at Different Ages","volume":"47","author":"Merdy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.06.015","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy of Three Commercial PCV2 Vaccines in Conventionally Reared Pigs","volume":"189","author":"Lyoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.10.028","article-title":"A New Emerging Genotype Subgroup within PCV-2b Dominates the PMWS Epizooty in Switzerland","volume":"136","author":"Wiederkehr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252310000162","article-title":"Epidemiology and Horizontal Transmission of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)","volume":"11","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.12.023","article-title":"Genotypic Shift of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 from PCV-2a to PCV-2b in Spain from 1985 to 2008","volume":"187","author":"Cortey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.041","article-title":"Efficacy and Future Prospects of Commercially Available and Experimental Vaccines against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)","volume":"164","author":"Beach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.05.015","article-title":"Genetic Variation Analysis of Chinese Strains of Porcine Circovirus Type 2","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-273","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Genetic Variation and Newly Emerging Genotypes in China","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.009","article-title":"PCV2d-2 Is the Predominant Type of PCV2 DNA in Pig Samples Collected in the U.S. during 2014\u20132016","volume":"197","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12952","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Queensland, Australia","volume":"98","author":"Mone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13467","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) and Type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000100","article-title":"Global Molecular Genetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Sequences Confirms the Presence of Four Main PCV2 Genotypes and Reveals a Rapid Increase of PCV2d","volume":"96","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.5262-5267.1998","article-title":"Nucleotide Sequence of Porcine Circovirus Associated with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs","volume":"72","author":"Hamel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00373-8","article-title":"The Essential and Nonessential Transcription Units for Viral Protein Synthesis and DNA Replication of Porcine Circovirus Type 2","volume":"313","author":"Cheung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-9-2281","article-title":"Open Reading Frame 2 of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Encodes a Major Capsid Protein","volume":"81","author":"Nawagitgul","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.02.017","article-title":"In Vitro Expression, Monoclonal Antibody and Bioactivity for Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type II without Nuclear Localization Signal","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-3469-7","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Empty Capsids of Porcine Circovius Type 2 Produced in Insect Cells","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.028","article-title":"One Dose of a Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) Sub-Unit Vaccine Administered to 3-Week-Old Conventional Piglets Elicits Cell-Mediated Immunity and Significantly Reduces PCV2 Viremia in an Experimental Model","volume":"27","author":"Fort","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1815","article-title":"Differential Recognition of ORF2 Protein from Type 1 and Type 2 Porcine Circoviruses and Identification of Immunorelevant Epitopes","volume":"81","author":"Blanchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.8135-8145.2004","article-title":"Epitope Mapping of the Major Capsid Protein of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV2) by Using Chimeric PCV1 and PCV2","volume":"78","author":"Lekcharoensuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.10.028","article-title":"Fine Mapping of Antigenic Epitopes on Capsid Proteins of Porcine Circovirus, and Antigenic Phenotype of Porcine Circovirus Type 2","volume":"46","author":"Shang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.02.001","article-title":"Versatile Carboxyl-Terminus of Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Were Recognized by Monoclonal Antibodies with Pluripotency of Binding","volume":"85","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.11.030","article-title":"Antigenic Subtyping and Epitopes\u2019 Competition Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Using Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"157","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13508","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01763-12","article-title":"Recognition of the Different Structural Forms of the Capsid Protein Determines the Outcome Following Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 2","volume":"86","author":"Trible","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.022","article-title":"Antibody Responses Following Vaccination versus Infection in a Porcine Circovirus-Type 2 (PCV2) Disease Model Show Distinct Differences in Virus Neutralization and Epitope Recognition","volume":"30","author":"Trible","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.11.008","article-title":"Early Antibody Responses Map to Non-Protective, PCV2 Capsid Protein Epitopes","volume":"540","author":"Ilha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"146","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Synthetic Peptide Vaccine","volume":"82","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2020.113928","article-title":"Replacing the Decoy Epitope of PCV2 Capsid Protein with Epitopes of GP3 and\/or GP5 of PRRSV Enhances the Immunogenicity of Bivalent Vaccines in Mice","volume":"284","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04831-z","article-title":"Deletion of a Decoy Epitope in Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) Capsid Protein Affects the Protective Immune Response in Mice","volume":"165","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakibuzzaman, A., Kolyvushko, O., Singh, G., Nara, P., Pi\u00f1eyro, P., Leclerc, E., Pillatzki, A., and Ramamoorthy, S. (2020). Targeted Alteration of Antibody-Based Immunodominance Enhances the Heterosubtypic Immunity of an Experimental PCV2 Vaccine. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030506"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, L.-C., Yang, C.-Y., and Cheng, I.-C. (2017). Peptides Mimicking Viral Proteins of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Were Profiled by the Spectrum of Mouse Anti-PCV2 Antibodies. BMC Immunol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0211-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.002","article-title":"Ten Years of PCV2 Vaccines and Vaccination: Is Eradication a Possibility?","volume":"206","author":"Afghah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000605","article-title":"Comparison of Three Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays to Detect Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2)-Specific Antibodies after Vaccination or Inoculation of Pigs with Distinct PCV-1 or PCV-2 Isolates","volume":"20","author":"Patterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"241","article-title":"Humoral Immunity of TLRI Black Pig and the Effect of PCV2 Subunit Vaccination into It","volume":"45","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chin. Soc. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001230","article-title":"Establishment of a Rep\u2019 Protein Antibody Detection Method to Distinguish Natural Infection with PCV2 from Subunit Vaccine Immunization","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00418-10","article-title":"Antibody Recognition of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Epitopes after Vaccination, Infection, and Disease","volume":"18","author":"Trible","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.11.018","article-title":"Genetic Variation of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Its Relevance to Vaccination, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis","volume":"164","author":"Trible","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-1-85","article-title":"B Cell Epitope Mapping of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins with Long (19- to 36-Residue) Synthetic Peptides","volume":"71","author":"Neurath","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillet, L., May, J.S., Colaco, S., and Stevenson, P.G. (2007). The Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68 Gp150 Acts as an Immunogenic Decoy to Limit Virion Neutralization. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000705"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4241-4250.2002","article-title":"Identification of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Epitopes in the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus GP5 Ectodomain","volume":"76","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.176","article-title":"Covert Warfare against the Immune System: Decoy Capsids, Stealth Genomes, and Suppressors","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00042-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00042-20","article-title":"The Carboxyl Terminus of the Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Is Critical to Virus-Like Particle Assembly, Cell Entry, and Propagation","volume":"94","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.12.006","article-title":"2.9 \u00c5 Resolution Cryo-EM 3D Reconstruction of Close-Packed Virus Particles","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera--a Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, L.-C. (2020). The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090961"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.05.002","article-title":"National Reduction in Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Prevalence Following Introduction of Vaccination","volume":"189","author":"Dvorak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.085","article-title":"A Commercial Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Type 2a-Based Vaccine Reduces PCV2d Viremia and Shedding and Prevents PCV2d Transmission to Na\u00efve Pigs under Experimental Conditions","volume":"35","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.12.013","article-title":"Evaluation of Novel Recombinant Porcine Circovirus Type 2d (PCV2d) Vaccine in Pigs Naturally Infected with PCV2d","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-11","article-title":"The 2.3-Angstrom Structure of Porcine Circovirus 2","volume":"85","author":"Khayat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.141","article-title":"The Level of Decoy Epitope in PCV2 Vaccine Affects the Neutralizing Activity of Sera in the Immunized Animals","volume":"496","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:21Z","timestamp":1760144661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v14112373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14112373","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}