{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:07:54Z","timestamp":1787317674863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"MIUR-FFABR \u201cFondo per il Finanziamento Attivit\u00e0 Base di Ricerca\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox is a self-limiting zoonotic viral disease and causes smallpox-like symptoms. The disease has a case fatality ratio of 3\u20136% and, recently, a multi-country outbreak of the disease has occurred. The currently available vaccines that have provided immunization against monkeypox are classified as live attenuated vaccinia virus-based vaccines, which pose challenges of safety and efficacy in chronic infections. In this study, we have used an immunoinformatics-aided design of a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) candidate by targeting monkeypox virus (MPXV) glycoproteins and membrane proteins. From these proteins, seven epitopes (two T-helper cell epitopes, four T-cytotoxic cell epitopes and one linear B cell epitopes) were finally selected and predicted as antigenic, non-allergic, interferon-\u03b3 activating and non-toxic. These epitopes were linked to adjuvants to design a non-allergic and antigenic candidate MPXV-MEV. Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted stable interactions between predicted MEV and human receptor TLR5. Finally, the immune-simulation analysis showed that the candidate MPXV-MEV could elicit a human immune response. The results obtained from these in silico experiments are promising but require further validation through additional in vivo experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Immunoinformatics-Aided Design of a Peptide Based Multiepitope Vaccine Targeting Glycoproteins and Membrane Proteins against Monkeypox Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8286-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahid","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio-Engineering and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2349-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio-Engineering and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7251-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravneet Kaur","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad 121002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8820-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif Khurshid","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bio-Engineering and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chonticha","family":"Suwattanasophon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiattawee","family":"Choowongkomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6156-6249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, I-80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Rajjak","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad 121002, India"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-3055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","article-title":"Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries\u2014April-June 2022","volume":"8","author":"Thornhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. 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