{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T23:40:15Z","timestamp":1774914015221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) is pathogenic to human, which can cause fifth disease, transient aplastic crisis, arthritis, myocarditis, autoimmune disorders, hydrops fetalis, and so on. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are available against HPV B19, and thus the development of effective vaccines is needed. The capsid of HPV B19 is composed of two types of proteins, i.e., the major capsid protein VP2 and the minor protein VP1. Previous experimental studies have shown that the dominant immune responses against HPV B19 are elicited by VP1, especially the unique region on the N-terminus of VP1. It has been found that VP2 alone or VP2 and VP1 together can assemble into virus-like particle (VLP). The VLP structure formed by VP2 has been resolved, however, the location of VP1 in the capsid, especially the location of VP1 unique region with strong immunogenicity, is still not clear. In the present work, using the Hansenula polymorpha expression system developed by our laboratory, two kinds of recombinant HPV B19 VLPs were expressed, i.e., the VLP co-assembled by VP1 and VP2 (VP1\/VP2 VLP) and the VLP whose VP1 content was improved (VP1h\/VP2 VLP). The expression, purity, and morphology of these two VLPs were characterized, and then their immunogenic properties were investigated and compared with those of the VLP containing VP2 alone (VP2 VLP) previously developed by our group. Furthermore, the location of the VP1 unique region in the VLPs was determined by using the immunogold electron microscopy (IGEM). Our experimental results show that the VP1h\/VP2 VLP elicits a stronger neutralization against the HPV B19 than VP2 and VP1\/VP2 VLPs, which implies that the increase of VP1 content significantly improves the level of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, the IGEM observations suggest that the unique region of VP1 may be located inside the recombinant VLP. The VLPs recombinantly expressed by our Hansenula polymorpha system may serve as a promising candidate immunogen for HPV B19 vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Recombinant Virus-like Particles of Human Parvovirus B19 with the Internal Location of VP1 Unique Region Produced by Hansenula polymorpha"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sensen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiguo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing 101111, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing 101111, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91074-0","article-title":"Parvovirus-like particles in human sera","volume":"1","author":"Cossart","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2015.11.006","article-title":"Update of the human parvovirus B19 biology","volume":"23","author":"Morinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. 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