{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:25:04Z","timestamp":1769574304219,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of viral infections on patients admitted with a diagnosis of heart failure is not well understood. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Inpatient Sample in the United States to evaluate the proportion of admissions with a diagnosis of heart failure and viral infections, and we explored how viral infections had impact on in-hospital mortality and length of stay. There were a total of 20,713,539 admission records with a diagnosis of heart failure included in the analysis and 3.8% had a concomitant diagnosis of viral infection. The mean length of stay was 20.1 \u00b1 26.9 days, 12.9 \u00b1 13.6 days, 12.1 \u00b1 13.8 days, and 5.1 \u00b1 6.5 days for records with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus, viral meningitis\/encephalitis, herpes simplex infection, and no viral infection, respectively. The most common diagnoses of viral infections were influenza (n = 240,260) and chronic viral hepatitis (n = 194,400), and the highest rates of mortality were observed for records with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (13.2%), acute viral hepatitis (12.5%), and viral meningitis\/encephalitis (11.1%). The viral infections significantly associated with increased odds of mortality were cytomegalovirus infection (OR 1.84 95% CI 1.57\u20132.16), acute hepatitis (OR 1.29 95% CI 1.15\u20131.45), and HIV (OR 1.22 95% CI 1.11\u20131.34). In conclusion, viral infections are co-diagnosis in 3.8% of patient records with heart failure and detection of some viruses may be important as they increase mortality and may prolong length of stay in hospital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:44:17Z","timestamp":1667360657000},"page":"2418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Impact of Concomitant Diagnosis of Viral Infections on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with a Diagnosis of Heart Failure in the United States: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Shing","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Post-Qualifying Healthcare Practice, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirellos Said","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan I.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duwarakan","family":"Satchithananda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip Andelo","family":"Borovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Hospital of Split (KBC Split), 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1858","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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