{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:25:53Z","timestamp":1760232353235,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","award":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"]}]},{"name":"CRP\u2014ICGEB RESEARCH GRANT 2020 Project","award":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","award":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\u2014EDITAL CAPES 11\/2020 EPIDEMIAS, PROJETO: 88887.506992\/2020-00-AUXPE: 630\/2020, Code 001","CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA","CRP\/BRA20-03","E-514 26\/202.248\/2018 (238504)","E26\/202.665\/2019 (247400)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), a heterogeneous clinical condition that manifests varying symptom severity according to the demographic profile of the studied population. While many studies have focused on the spread of COVID-19 in large urban centers in Brazil, few have evaluated medium or small cities in the Northeast region. The aims of this study were: (i) to identify risk factors for mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, (ii) to evaluate the gene expression patterns of key immune response pathways using nasopharyngeal swabs of COVID-19 patients, and (iii) to identify the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in the residents of a medium-sized city in Northeast Brazil. A total of 783 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 between May 2020 and August 2021 were included in this study. Clinical-epidemiological data from patients who died and those who survived were compared. Patients were also retrospectively divided into three groups based on disease severity: asymptomatic, mild, and moderate\/severe. Samples were added to a qPCR array for analyses of 84 genes involved with immune response pathways and sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore MinION technology. Having pre-existing comorbidity; being male; having cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and\/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values under 22 were identified as risk factors for mortality. Analysis of the expression profiles of inflammatory pathway genes showed that the greater the infection severity, the greater the activation of inflammatory pathways, triggering the cytokine storm and downregulating anti-inflammatory pathways. Viral genome analysis revealed the circulation of multiple lineages, such as B.1, B.1.1.28, Alpha, and Gamma, suggesting that multiple introduction events had occurred over time. This study\u2019s findings help identify the specific strains and increase our understanding of the true state of local health. In addition, our data demonstrate that epidemiological and genomic surveillance together can help formulate public health strategies to guide governmental actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:44:17Z","timestamp":1667360657000},"page":"2424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Infection Profile in COVID-19 Positive Patients in Vitoria da Conquista, Northeast Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anna Carolina S.","family":"Dantas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Municipal Central Laboratory, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista City Hall, Avenida Maca\u00fabas, 100, Kadija, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45065-060, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hellen B. M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila P.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 6, Salobrinho, Ilh\u00e9us 55662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele L.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Central Laboratory, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista City Hall, Avenida Maca\u00fabas, 100, Kadija, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45065-060, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla D. B.","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Central Laboratory, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista City Hall, Avenida Maca\u00fabas, 100, Kadija, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45065-060, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosimara de J. A.","family":"Caitit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Central Laboratory, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista City Hall, Avenida Maca\u00fabas, 100, Kadija, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45065-060, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hegger M.","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute\u2014Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina S.","family":"Cucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Federal University of Bahia, Largo Terreiro de Jesus, s\/n, Pelourinho, Salvador 40026-010, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas S. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 6, Salobrinho, Ilh\u00e9us 55662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caline N. T.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaela de S.","family":"Bittencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline T.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Independent College, Avenida Lu\u00eds Eduardo Magalh\u00e3es, 1305, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45055-030, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa P.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Independent College, Avenida Lu\u00eds Eduardo Magalh\u00e3es, 1305, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45055-030, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francely A. 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S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, Butant\u00e3, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M. 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Dom Jo\u00e3o VI, 275, Brotas, Salvador 40290-000, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vagner","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, Lote 19-Avenida das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, SEN-Asa Norte, Brasilia 70312-970, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda K.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme B.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8276-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Health, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Municipal Central Laboratory, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista City Hall, Avenida Maca\u00fabas, 100, Kadija, Vit\u00f3ria da Conquista 45065-060, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Pan-Americana de Sa\u00fade (2021, November 27). 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