{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:16:18Z","timestamp":1771539378024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system","award":["sccxtd-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sccxtd-2022-20"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system","award":["23ZDYF3037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDYF3037"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system","award":["2021YFYZ0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0021"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system","award":["2020M673571XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673571XB"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan innovation team of national modern agricultural industry technology system","award":["001H0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001H0701"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Sichuan Province","award":["sccxtd-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sccxtd-2022-20"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Sichuan Province","award":["23ZDYF3037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDYF3037"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Sichuan Province","award":["2021YFYZ0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0021"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Sichuan Province","award":["2020M673571XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673571XB"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Sichuan Province","award":["001H0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001H0701"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan province","award":["sccxtd-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sccxtd-2022-20"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan province","award":["23ZDYF3037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDYF3037"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan province","award":["2021YFYZ0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0021"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan province","award":["2020M673571XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673571XB"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan province","award":["001H0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001H0701"]}]},{"name":"project of the 67th Batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["sccxtd-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sccxtd-2022-20"]}]},{"name":"project of the 67th Batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["23ZDYF3037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDYF3037"]}]},{"name":"project of the 67th Batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2021YFYZ0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0021"]}]},{"name":"project of the 67th Batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["2020M673571XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673571XB"]}]},{"name":"project of the 67th Batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["001H0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001H0701"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Project","award":["sccxtd-2022-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sccxtd-2022-20"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Project","award":["23ZDYF3037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDYF3037"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Project","award":["2021YFYZ0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFYZ0021"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Project","award":["2020M673571XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673571XB"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Project","award":["001H0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001H0701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses cause important yield losses in kiwifruit. Here, we studied the occurrence and population structure of the major kiwifruit viruses in the Sichuan province of China. RT-PCR results showed the presence of Actinidia virus A (AcVA), Actinidia virus B (AcVB), Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (AcCRaV), and the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). AcCRaV was widely distributed, followed by CMV. These two viruses were often detected in co-infection with AcVA and AcVB. The virus detection rate was positively correlated with vine age. Four phylogenetic groups of AcVA and AcVB were identified, with AcVA isolates clustering mainly in subgroup I, and AcVB isolates clustering mainly in subgroups II, III, and IV. All CMV isolates clustered in subgroup II, and AcCRaV isolates clustered in subgroup IA. The genome of AcVA and AcCRaV was under negative selection pressure, while the genome of AcVB and CMV was under positive selection pressure. All the viruses, except AcVB, were in a state of expansion. The full-length genome of the most widely distributed AcCRaV isolate in kiwifruits in the Sichuan province was characterized by sequencing. Unique eight-nucleotide (TTTTTGAT) repeats were found in the 5\u2032-terminal non-coding region of the AcCRaV RNA3 in a possible association with reduced disease symptoms. This is the first study of kiwifruit viruses in Sichuan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:10:46Z","timestamp":1667790646000},"page":"2460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Occurrence and Molecular Variability of the Main Kiwifruit Viruses in the Sichuan Province of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junbo","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Luzhou 646000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13110","article-title":"A novel Actinidia cytorhabdovirus characterized using genomic and viral protein interaction features","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Viruses of Kiwifruit (Actinidia species)","volume":"99","author":"Blouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1219-1","article-title":"Detection and characterisation of two novel vitiviruses infecting Actinidia","volume":"157","author":"Blouin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-17-0379-PDN","article-title":"First Report of Actinidia virus A and B Infecting Actinidia chinensis in South Korea","volume":"101","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3701-x","article-title":"The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of a novel member of the family Betaflexiviridae from Actinidia chinensis","volume":"163","author":"Stella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"665","article-title":"The detection of Actinidia virus A and Actinidia virus B by RT\u2013PCR and their molecular variation analysis","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta. Hortic. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s40858-016-0078-4","article-title":"Citrus leaf blotch virus in Cuba: First report and partial molecular characterization","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"11","article-title":"RT\u2013PCR detection and sequence analysis of coat protein gene of Citrus leaf blotch virus infecting kiwifruit trees","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Phytopathol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-019-01677-3","article-title":"Distribution and molecular characterization of Citrus leaf blotch virus from Actinidia in Shaanxi province, China","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12421","article-title":"Actinidia chlorotic ringspot\u2013associated virus: A novel emaravirus infecting kiwifruit plants","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197736","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a novel Emaravrius infecting Actinidia spp. in China","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"595","article-title":"Identification of genome recombination among Apple stem pitting isolates","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marais, A., Faure, C., Mustafayev, E., and Candresse, T. (2015). Characterization of new isolates of Apricot vein clearing\u2013associated virus and of a new Prunus\u2013infecting virus: Evidence for recombination as a driving force in Betaflexiviridae evolution. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129469"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3610-z","article-title":"Characterization of Actinidia virus 1, a new member of the family Closteroviridae encoding a thaumatin\u2013like protein","volume":"163","author":"Blouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-06-17-0824-PDN","article-title":"First report of Cucumber mosaic virus infection in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in China","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/07060661.2017.1401006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of an Apple stem grooving virus isolate from kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"311","article-title":"Occurrence of Apple stem grooving virus on Rubus ellipticus, a perennial weed in India","volume":"153","author":"Pooja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-09-18-1570-RE","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular variability of kiwifruit viruses in Actinidia deliciosa \u2018Xuxiang\u2019 in the Shaanxi province of China","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"467","article-title":"Actinidia is a natural host to a wide range of plant viruses","volume":"913","author":"Pearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1364-3703.2003.00146.x","article-title":"Alfalfa mosaic virus: Coat protein-dependent initiation of infection","volume":"4","author":"Bol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60880-5","article-title":"Alfalfa mosaic virus","volume":"15","author":"Hull","year":"1969","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-05-16-0629-PDN","article-title":"First report of the Tospovirus Tomato necrotic spot associated virus infecting kiwifruit (Actinidia sp.) in China","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.12.018","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), a subgroup C nepovirus","volume":"163","author":"Langer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2453-2462.2006","article-title":"Host species\u2013dependent population structure of a pollen\u2013borne plant virus, Cherry leaf roll virus","volume":"80","author":"Rebenstorf","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13314-012-0072-8","article-title":"First report of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) in Malus domestica","volume":"7","author":"Woo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas. Plant Dis. Notes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13084","article-title":"Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: An update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses","volume":"17","author":"Pasin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biotech. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01092","article-title":"Detection of plant viruses and disease management: Relevance of genetic diversity and evolution","volume":"11","author":"Rubio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050070118","article-title":"Genetic diversity of rice tungro spherical virus in tungro\u2013endemic provinces of the Philippines and Indonesia","volume":"145","author":"Azzam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.39.1.157","article-title":"Variability and genetic structure of plant virus populations","volume":"39","author":"Fraile","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalla, O.A., and Ali, A. (2021). Genetic variability and evidence of a new subgroup in Watermelon mosaic virus Isolates. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101245"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2299-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of viral mutation","volume":"73","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198770","article-title":"Meta-transcriptomic analysis reveals an isolate of aphid lethal paralysis virus from Wisteria sinensis in Iran","volume":"315","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04165-5","article-title":"Genetic evolutionary analysis of soybean mosaic virus populations from three geographic locations in China based on the P1 and CP genes","volume":"164","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2019.03.001","article-title":"Characterization of synergy between Cucumber mosaic virus and Alternaria alternata in Nicotiana tabacum","volume":"108","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s42161-021-00811-7","article-title":"Detection and distribution of viruses infecting hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Rwanda","volume":"103","author":"Waweru","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2019.01.001","article-title":"Progress and challenges in identifying molecular mechanisms underlying host and vector manipulation by plant viruses","volume":"33","author":"Mauck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alomar, A.A., and Alto, B.W. (2022). Temperature-Mediated Effects on Mayaro Virus Vector Competency of Florida Aedes aegypti Mosquito Vectors. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050880"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0434.2012.01906.x","article-title":"Transmission comparisons of cucumber mosaic virus subgroup I and II isolates by different aphid species","volume":"160","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1292-0","article-title":"Characterization of the complete genome of ribgrass mosaic virus isolated from Plantago major L. from New Zealand and Actinidia spp. from China","volume":"157","author":"Chavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12690","article-title":"The Vat locus encodes for a CC-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance to Aphis gossypii infestation and A. gossypii-mediated virus resistance","volume":"80","author":"Dogimont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-019-01690-6","article-title":"Genetic variability and molecular evolution of Bean common mosaic virus populations in Iran: Comparison with the populations in the world","volume":"154","author":"Moradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunniffe, N.J., Taylor, N.P., Hamelin, F.M., and Jeger, M.J. (2021). Epidemiological and ecological consequences of virus manipulation of host and vector in plant virus transmission. PLoS Comput. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.08.459452"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:30Z","timestamp":1760145090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v14112460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14112460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]}}}