{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:48:34Z","timestamp":1775242114892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Metaprogram FORESEE of the INRAe","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche pour l\u2019agriculture, l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019environnement","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"University of Lyon 1","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir programme","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic arthropod-borne virus that can cause serious illness in both ruminants and humans. The virus can be transmitted by an arthropod bite or contact with contaminated fluids or tissues. Two live-attenuated veterinary vaccines\u2014the Smithburn (SB) and Clone 13 (Cl.13)\u2014are currently used during epizootic events in Africa. However, their residual pathogenicity (i.e., SB) or potential of reversion (i.e., Cl.13) causes important adverse effects, strongly limiting their use in the field. In this study, we infected immunocompetent mice with SB or Cl.13 by a subcutaneous or an intranasal inoculation. Interestingly, we found that, unlike the subcutaneous infection, the intranasal inoculation led to a high mortality rate. In addition, we detected high titers and viral N antigen levels in the brain of both the SB- and Cl.13-infected mice. Overall, we unveil a clear correlation between the pathogenicity and the route of administration of both SB and Cl.13, with the intranasal inoculation leading to a stronger neurovirulence and higher mortality rate than the subcutaneous infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:55:32Z","timestamp":1667904932000},"page":"2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intranasal Exposure to Rift Valley Fever Virus Live-Attenuated Strains Leads to High Mortality Rate in Immunocompetent Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lacote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Lyon Laboratory, Virology Unit, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Tamietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Chabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Confort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurine","family":"Conquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, 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Research University, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Pain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, 69500 Bron, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"De Las Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patolog\u00eda Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9372-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Montagutelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Marianneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Lyon Laboratory, Virology Unit, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2271-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Ratinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6893-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick","family":"Arnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL Research University, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in lambs","volume":"23","author":"Easterday","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. 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