{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:39:01Z","timestamp":1780760341338,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen in Hungary, causing severe outbreaks in equines and humans since 2007. The aim of our study was to provide a comprehensive report on the clinical signs of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in horses in Hungary. Clinical details of 124 confirmed equine WNND cases were collected between 2007 and 2019. Data about the seasonal and geographical presentation, demographic data, clinical signs, treatment protocols, and disease progression were evaluated. Starting from an initial case originating from the area of possible virus introduction by migratory birds, the whole country became endemic with WNV over the subsequent 12 years. The transmission season did not expand significantly during the data collection period, but vaccination protocols should be always reviewed according to the recent observations. There was not any considerable relationship between the occurrence of WNND and age, breed, or gender. Ataxia was by far the most common neurologic sign related to the disease, but weakness, behavioral changes, and muscle fasciculation appeared frequently. Apart from recumbency combined with inappetence, no other clinical sign or treatment regime correlated with survival. The survival rate showed a moderate increase throughout the years, possibly due to the increased awareness of practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:57:44Z","timestamp":1668743864000},"page":"2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestation of West Nile Virus Infections of Equines in Hungary, 2007\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Orsolya Eszter","family":"Feh\u00e9r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Feh\u00e9rv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csenge Hanna","family":"Tolnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Forg\u00e1ch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria Krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, T\u00e1bornok u. 2., 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Jerzsele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsombor","family":"Wagenhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3248-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otto","family":"Szenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Korbacska-Kutasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.041028","article-title":"Novel Flavivirus or New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Central Europe","volume":"11","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. 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