{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:36:51Z","timestamp":1779241011729,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Funding acquisition, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1122524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1122524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Funding acquisition, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1137739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1137739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Principal Research Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1122524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1122524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Principal Research Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1137739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1137739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen that is responsible for regular epidemics and occasional pandemics that result in substantial damage to life and the economy. The yearly reformulation of trivalent or quadrivalent flu vaccines encompassing surface glycoproteins derived from the current circulating strains of the virus does not provide sufficient cross-protection against mismatched strains. Unlike the current vaccines that elicit a predominant humoral response, vaccines that induce CD8+ T cells have demonstrated a capacity to provide cross-protection against different influenza strains, including novel influenza viruses. Immunopeptidomics, the mass spectrometric identification of human-leukocyte-antigen (HLA)-bound peptides isolated from infected cells, has recently provided key insights into viral peptides that can serve as potential T cell epitopes. The critical elements required for a strong and long-living CD8+ T cell response are related to both HLA restriction and the immunogenicity of the viral peptide. This review examines the importance of HLA and the viral immunopeptidome for the design of a universal influenza T-cell-based vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T03:04:20Z","timestamp":1669086260000},"page":"2578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Understanding the Role of HLA Class I Molecules in the Immune Response to Influenza Infection and Rational Design of a Peptide-Based Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. K. M.","family":"Muraduzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3870-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia T.","family":"Illing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8647-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0532-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony W.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3420","article-title":"Paediatric Virology in the Hippocratic Corpus","volume":"12","author":"Mammas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43623","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43623","article-title":"Evidence for history-dependence of influenza pandemic emergence","volume":"7","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000149035","article-title":"Portraits of viruses: Influenza virus A","volume":"11","author":"Burnet","year":"1979","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60102-9","article-title":"Influenza pandemics: Past, present and future","volume":"105","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). The Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines: Report of the Ninth Meeting of the Advisory Group of the WHO Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"276","article-title":"The human cytotoxic T cell response to influenza A vaccination","volume":"43","author":"McMichael","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.suppl_2.3","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza","volume":"44","author":"Zambon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"S255","article-title":"Epidemiology and virology of influenza illness","volume":"6","author":"Monto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp038238","article-title":"Influenza vaccine\u2014Outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift","volume":"350","author":"Treanor","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls","volume":"79","author":"Fouchier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180652","article-title":"Frequent genetic mismatch between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza viruses, Hong Kong, China, 1996\u20132012","volume":"24","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900585","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.46.1900585","article-title":"Paradoxical clade-and age-specific vaccine effectiveness during the 2018\/19 influenza A (H3N2) epidemic in Canada: Potential imprint-regulated effect of vaccine (I-REV)","volume":"24","author":"Skowronski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz543","article-title":"Spread of antigenically drifted influenza A (H3N2) viruses and vaccine effectiveness in the United States during the 2018\u20132019 season","volume":"221","author":"Flannery","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). CDC Seasonal Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Studies, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.11.4603-4608.1989","article-title":"Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics","volume":"63","author":"Kawaoka","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350","article-title":"Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7833","article-title":"Recovery from severe H7N9 disease is associated with diverse response mechanisms dominated by CD8+ T cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC","article-title":"Natural T Cell-mediated Protection against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza. Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study","volume":"191","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valkenburg, S.A., Gras, S., Guillonneau, C., La Gruta, N.L., Thomas, P.G., Purcell, A.W., Rossjohn, J., Doherty, P.C., Turner, S.J., and Kedzierska, K. (2010). Protective efficacy of cross-reactive CD8+ T cells recognising mutant viral epitopes depends on peptide-MHC-I structural interactions and T cell activation threshold. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001039"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24335","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.753988","article-title":"Lack of Heterologous Cross-reactivity toward HLA-A*02:01 Restricted Viral Epitopes Is Underpinned by Distinct \u03b1\u03b2T Cell Receptor Signatures","volume":"291","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00349-16","article-title":"A Role of Influenza Virus Exposure History in Determining Pandemic Susceptibility and CD8+ T Cell Responses","volume":"90","author":"Clemens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2007.11.002","article-title":"Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: A correlate of protection and a basis for vaccine development","volume":"18","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051237","article-title":"Cell-mediated protection in influenza infection","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.2.335","article-title":"Critical role for CD8 in T cell receptor binding and activation by peptide\/major histocompatibility complex multimers","volume":"191","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02055","article-title":"The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6","volume":"425","author":"Mungall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052319","article-title":"Maintenance of viral suppression in HIV-1-infected HLA-B*57+ elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations","volume":"203","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.10.5026","article-title":"Evidence of presentation of multiple HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes by HLA-B*3501 molecules that are associated with the accelerated progression of AIDS","volume":"158","author":"Tomiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.08.010","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus controllers: Mechanisms of durable virus control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"27","author":"Deeks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.228403","article-title":"Molecular footprints reveal the impact of the protective HLA-A*03 allele in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"60","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00095","article-title":"Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Long-Term Non-Progression in HIV Disease","volume":"4","author":"Zaunders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.18.2.738-744.1976","article-title":"RNAs of influenza A, B, and C viruses","volume":"18","author":"Ritchey","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00031-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: Proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family","volume":"5","author":"Hause","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hause, B.M., Ducatez, M., Collin, E.A., Ran, Z., Liu, R., Sheng, Z., Armien, A., Kaplan, B., Chakravarty, S., and Hoppe, A.D. (2013). Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003176"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb, R.A. (1983). The influenza virus RNA segments and their encoded proteins. Genetics of Influenza Viruses, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8706-7_2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.05.010","article-title":"Influenza virus morphogenesis and budding","volume":"143","author":"Nayak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.003","article-title":"Influenza virus assembly and budding","volume":"411","author":"Rossman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.017608-0","article-title":"Genome packaging in influenza A virus","volume":"91","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.08.012","article-title":"Assembly and budding of influenza virus","volume":"106","author":"Nayak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.666","article-title":"Structure of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes and their packaging into virions","volume":"20","author":"Noda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"CDC (2020, January 07). Transmission of Avian Influenza a Viruses between Animals and People, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/avianflu\/virus-transmission.htm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S305","article-title":"Influenza: The once and future pandemic","volume":"125","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141281","article-title":"Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus infection among workers at live bird markets, Bangladesh, 2009\u20132010","volume":"21","author":"Nasreen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"54","article-title":"Avian influenza","volume":"5","author":"Plague","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.156","article-title":"Avian influenza virus infections in humans","volume":"129","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.015","article-title":"Poultry food products\u2014A source of avian influenza virus transmission to humans?","volume":"22","author":"Harder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, March 04). Influenza (Avian and Other Zoonotic). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051254","article-title":"Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century","volume":"12","author":"Kilbourne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/296115a0","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of variation in influenza viruses","volume":"296","author":"Webster","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.07.027","article-title":"Influenza vaccine: The challenge of antigenic drift","volume":"25","author":"Carrat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-30","article-title":"Influenza virus antigenic variation, host antibody production and new approach to control epidemics","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"25","article-title":"An overview of serum antibody responses to influenza virus antigens","volume":"115","author":"Couch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00008","article-title":"The efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons: A meta-analysis and review of the literature","volume":"123","author":"Gross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13203","article-title":"Influenza and Influenza Vaccine: A Review","volume":"66","author":"Nypaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01563-08","article-title":"Immunomic analysis of the repertoire of T-cell specificities for influenza A virus in humans","volume":"82","author":"Assarsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"3478","article-title":"Memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection cross-react with avian influenza A (H5N1) in healthy individuals","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9178","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105624108","article-title":"Systematic identification of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses to influenza A virus in HLA-A2 individuals","volume":"108","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.78","article-title":"Nucleoprotein of influenza A virus is a major target of immunodominant CD8+ T-cell responses","volume":"91","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0320-6","article-title":"Human CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity across influenza A, B and C viruses","volume":"20","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00292","article-title":"Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and MHC Class II Proteins: Conformational Plasticity in Antigen Presentation","volume":"8","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.013","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages are the primary interferon-\u03b1 producer in pulmonary infection with RNA viruses","volume":"27","author":"Kumagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/v1031022","article-title":"Dendritic Cells in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses against Influenza Virus","volume":"1","author":"Summerfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7346","article-title":"Induction of tolerance to innocuous inhaled antigen relies on a CCR7-dependent dendritic cell-mediated antigen transport to the bronchial lymph node","volume":"177","author":"Hintzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071365","article-title":"Clearance of influenza virus from the lung depends on migratory langerin+CD11b- but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"205","author":"GeurtsvanKessel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.37.100183.002525","article-title":"Immunity to influenza in man","volume":"37","author":"Couch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:29:1-3:113","article-title":"Immunity to influenza","volume":"29","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1566","article-title":"Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses","volume":"16","author":"Sui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"417","article-title":"Influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones are protective in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Taylor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.4.1143","article-title":"Transgenic mice lacking class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells have delayed viral clearance and increased mortality after influenza virus challenge","volume":"175","author":"Bender","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5197","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.11.5197","article-title":"CD8+ T cells clear influenza virus by perforin or Fas-dependent processes","volume":"159","author":"Topham","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.62","article-title":"Central role of dendritic cells in shaping the adaptive immune response during respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"6","author":"McDermott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"423","article-title":"The effector T cell response to influenza infection","volume":"386","author":"Hufford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Pathog. Control.-Vol. II"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2014.14.3.128","article-title":"Differential roles of lung dendritic cell subsets against respiratory virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"171","article-title":"T cell responses to viral infections\u2014Opportunities for Peptide vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Luytjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/273238a0","article-title":"Transfer of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects mice inoculated with influenza virus","volume":"273","author":"Yap","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200571","article-title":"Multiple redundant effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells protect against influenza infection","volume":"190","author":"Hamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.126.3.1036","article-title":"Recovery from a viral respiratory infection. I. Influenza pneumonia in normal and T-deficient mice","volume":"126","author":"Wells","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401279101","article-title":"Conserved T cell receptor usage in primary and recall responses to an immunodominant influenza virus nucleoprotein epitope","volume":"101","author":"Kedzierska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80573-7","article-title":"Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in primary and secondary influenza pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Flynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9521","article-title":"Heterosubtypic immunity to lethal influenza A virus infection is associated with virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses induced in mucosa-associated tissues","volume":"254","author":"Nguyen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.038","article-title":"Heterosubtypic immunity to H7N9 influenza virus in isogenic guinea pigs after infection with pandemic H1N1 virus","volume":"33","author":"Wiersma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307073090103","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza","volume":"309","author":"McMichael","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.02.020","article-title":"Sequence variation in the influenza A virus nucleoprotein associated with escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"103","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.11.1853","article-title":"Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants in influenza A virus pneumonia","volume":"191","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11239","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11239-11246.2005","article-title":"Functional constraints of influenza A virus epitopes limit escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"79","author":"Berkhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03340.x","article-title":"The loss of immunodominant epitopes affects interferon-\u03b3 production and lytic activity of the human influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in vitro","volume":"148","author":"Berkhoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3663","article-title":"Acute emergence and reversion of influenza A virus quasispecies within CD8+ T cell antigenic peptides","volume":"4","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1086\/498980","article-title":"Prior H1N1 influenza infection and susceptibility of Cleveland Family Study participants during the H2N2 pandemic of 1957: An experiment of nature","volume":"193","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2453","article-title":"Recognition of homo- and heterosubtypic variants of influenza A viruses by human CD8+ T lymphocytes","volume":"172","author":"Boon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02694-07","article-title":"Cross-recognition of avian H5N1 influenza virus by human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte populations directed to human influenza A virus","volume":"82","author":"Kreijtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007270107","article-title":"Cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell immunity between the pandemic H1N1-2009 and H1N1-1918 influenza A viruses","volume":"107","author":"Gras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00519-10","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes established by seasonal human influenza cross-react against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"84","author":"Tu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.048652-0","article-title":"Human T-cells directed to seasonal influenza A virus cross-react with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and swine-origin triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"94","author":"Hillaire","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.09.005","article-title":"Confronting complexity: Real-world immunodominance in antiviral CD8+ T cell responses","volume":"25","author":"Yewdell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00275-9","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in influenza A virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Julkunen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.51","article-title":"Immunodominance in major histocompatibility complex class I\u2013restricted T lymphocyte responses","volume":"17","author":"Yewdell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.015","article-title":"Immunodominance in TCD8+ responses to viruses: Cell biology, cellular immunology, and mathematical models","volume":"21","author":"Yewdell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.11.1319","article-title":"Immunoproteasomes shape immunodominance hierarchies of antiviral CD8+ T cells at the levels of T cell repertoire and presentation of viral antigens","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.9.4251-4259.2002","article-title":"Immunodominance in virus-induced CD8+ T-cell responses is dramatically modified by DNA immunization and is regulated by gamma interferon","volume":"76","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-019-01134-9","article-title":"Revealing factors determining immunodominant responses against dominant epitopes","volume":"72","author":"Ritmahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065500","article-title":"Defective antigen processing in GILT-free mice","volume":"294","author":"Maric","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102259200","article-title":"Structural basis for helper T-cell and antibody epitope immunodominance in bacteriophage T4 Hsp10. Role of disordered loops","volume":"277","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/ni754","article-title":"Destructive processing by asparagine endopeptidase limits presentation of a dominant T cell epitope in MBP","volume":"3","author":"Manoury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1149","article-title":"Mhc-guided processing: Binding of large antigen fragments","volume":"3","author":"Sercarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.05.009","article-title":"The kinetic stability of MHC class II:peptide complexes is a key parameter that dictates immunodominance","volume":"23","author":"Lazarski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052442","article-title":"Enhancing immunogenicity by limiting susceptibility to lysosomal proteolysis","volume":"203","author":"Delamarre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.007","article-title":"Naive CD4+ T cell frequency varies for different epitopes and predicts repertoire diversity and response magnitude","volume":"27","author":"Moon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830201004","article-title":"In vitro human cytotoxic T cell responses against influenza A virus can be induced and selected by synthetic peptides","volume":"20","author":"Martinon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.5.1397","article-title":"HLA B37 determines an influenza A virus nucleoprotein epitope recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"164","author":"McMichael","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.582-590.2002","article-title":"The magnitude and specificity of influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in humans is related to HLA-A and -B phenotype","volume":"76","author":"Boon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4435","article-title":"Preferential HLA usage in the influenza virus-specific CTL response","volume":"172","author":"Boon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16233","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707570104","article-title":"Skewed association of polyfunctional antigen-specific CD8 T cell populations with HLA-B genotype","volume":"104","author":"Harari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322229111","article-title":"Preexisting CD8+ T-cell immunity to the H7N9 influenza A virus varies across ethnicities","volume":"111","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07815-5","article-title":"Broad CD8+ T cell cross-recognition of distinct influenza A strains in humans","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01406-x","article-title":"HLA-associated protection of lymphocytes during influenza virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Ochoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"225","article-title":"Quantitative variation in H-2-antigen expression. I. Estimation of H-2K and H-2D expression in different strains of mice","volume":"11","author":"McKenzie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.5.1675","article-title":"Determinant capture as a possible mechanism of protection afforded by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in autoimmune disease","volume":"178","author":"Deng","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230841","article-title":"An antigen processing polymorphism revealed by HLA-B8-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes which does not correlate with TAP gene polymorphism","volume":"23","author":"Powis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.1703","article-title":"T cell receptor repertoire for a viral epitope in humans is diversified by tolerance to a background major histocompatibility complex antigen","volume":"182","author":"Burrows","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90159-0","article-title":"Different MHC class I alleles compete for presentation of overlapping viral epitopes","volume":"3","author":"Tussey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5615","article-title":"Competition between MHC class I alleles for cell surface expression alters CTL responses to influenza A virus","volume":"169","author":"Tourdot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000883","article-title":"Effect of MHC class I diversification on influenza epitope-specific CD8+ T cell precursor frequency and subsequent effector function","volume":"186","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"133","article-title":"Disease and the colonial narrative-The 1918 influenza pandemic in Western Polynesia","volume":"34","author":"Herda","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Hist."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1071\/NB06025","article-title":"An Australian perspective of the 1918\u20131919 influenza pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Curson","year":"2006","journal-title":"New South Wales Public Health Bull."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1530","article-title":"Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: Lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Castrodale, L. (2022, July 21). Deaths Related to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian\/Alaska Natives---12 States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5848a1.htm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19441","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.50.19441-en","article-title":"Quantifying the risk of pandemic influenza in pregnancy and indigenous people in Australia in 2009","volume":"14","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03654.x","article-title":"Disproportionate impact of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza on Indigenous people in the Top End of Australia\u2019s Northern Territory","volume":"192","author":"Flint","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.090994","article-title":"Hospitalizations for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Maori and Pacific Islanders, New Zealand","volume":"16","author":"Verrall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1071\/MA11036","article-title":"H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza in Indigenous Australians","volume":"32","author":"Markey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Aust."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132012000100009","article-title":"Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: Risk factors for hospitalization","volume":"38","author":"Lenzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221555110","article-title":"HLA targeting efficiency correlates with human T-cell response magnitude and with mortality from influenza A infection","volume":"110","author":"Hertz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.93","article-title":"Towards identification of immune and genetic correlates of severe influenza disease in Indigenous Australians","volume":"94","author":"Clemens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"E482","article-title":"Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: Influenza","volume":"40","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commun. Dis. Intell."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01966-10","article-title":"Mapping the landscape of host-pathogen coevolution: HLA class I binding and its relationship with evolutionary conservation in human and viral proteins","volume":"85","author":"Hertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.7.3039","article-title":"Protection against lethal viral infection by vaccination with nonimmunodominant peptides","volume":"157","author":"Oukka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101132698","article-title":"Measuring the diaspora for virus-specific CD8+ T cells","volume":"98","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603106113","article-title":"Molecular basis for universal HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T-cell immunity against influenza viruses","volume":"113","author":"Valkenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23212-x","article-title":"CD8+ T cell landscape in Indigenous and non-Indigenous people restricted by influenza mortality-associated HLA-A*24:02 allomorph","volume":"12","author":"Hensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"3174868","article-title":"An Increased Frequency in HLA Class I Alleles and Haplotypes Suggests Genetic Susceptibility to Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic: A Case-Control Study","volume":"2018","author":"Narayanankutty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25018","article-title":"Polymorphism of HLA class I and class II alleles in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infected population of Assam, Northeast India","volume":"90","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"IEDB (2021, April 08). Immune Epitope Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10613","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00855-14","article-title":"The immunodominant influenza A virus M158-66 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope exhibits degenerate class I major histocompatibility complex restriction in humans","volume":"88","author":"Choo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antrobus, R.D., Lillie, P.J., Berthoud, T.K., Spencer, A.J., McLaren, J.E., Ladell, K., Lambe, T., Milicic, A., Price, D.A., and Hill, A.V. (2012). A T cell-inducing influenza vaccine for the elderly: Safety and immunogenicity of MVA-NP+M1 in adults aged over 50 years. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048322"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.162","article-title":"Coadministration of seasonal influenza vaccine and MVA-NP+M1 simultaneously achieves potent humoral and cell-mediated responses","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq015","article-title":"Potent CD8+ T-cell immunogenicity in humans of a novel heterosubtypic influenza A vaccine, MVA-NP+M1","volume":"52","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, T.J., Peng, Y., Berthoud, T.K., Blais, M.E., Lillie, P.J., Hill, A.V., Rowland-Jones, S.L., McMichael, A.J., Gilbert, S.C., and Dong, T. (2013). Examination of influenza specific T cell responses after influenza virus challenge in individuals vaccinated with MVA-NP+M1 vaccine. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062778"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis327","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of the efficacy of a T-cell-based influenza vaccine, MVA-NP+M1, in humans","volume":"55","author":"Lillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19090.1","article-title":"A phase IIb study to determine the safety and efficacy of candidate INfluenza Vaccine MVA-NP+M1 in combination with licensed Ina CTivated infl Uenza vaccine in adult S aged 65 years and above (INVICTUS): A study protocol","volume":"8","author":"Swayze","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Vaccitech (2021, June 12). Vaccitech Universal Flu Vaccine Passes Phase 2b Clinical Development Milestones. Available online: https:\/\/www.vaccitech.co.uk\/vaccitech-universal-flu-vaccine-passes-phase-2b-clinical-development-milestones\/."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.031","article-title":"Priming by a novel universal influenza vaccine (Multimeric-001)-a gateway for improving immune response in the elderly population","volume":"32","author":"Atsmon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.063","article-title":"Back to the future: Immunization with M-001 prior to trivalent influenza vaccine in 2011\/12 enhanced protective immune responses against 2014\/15 epidemic strain","volume":"35","author":"Lowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (2022, June 19). A Pivotal Trial to Assess the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of the M-001 as a Standalone Universal Flu Vaccine, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT03450915."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"AVIR Green Hills Biotechnology AG (2022, June 19). Dose Finding Study of Single Dose GHB11L1 in Healthy Adults, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT01078701."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.089","article-title":"Synthetic Influenza vaccine (FLU-v) stimulates cell mediated immunity in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled Phase I trial","volume":"30","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0735","article-title":"Immunogenicity, Safety, and Efficacy of a Standalone Universal Influenza Vaccine, FLU-v, in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"172","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Hull, S., and Ghosh, R. (2022, June 19). Study of VGX-3400X, H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus DNA Plasmid + Electroporation in Healthy Adults, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT01142362."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.006","article-title":"A novel peptide-based pan-influenza A vaccine: A double blind, randomised clinical trial of immunogenicity and safety","volume":"33","author":"Francis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00512-1","article-title":"Inflexal V a trivalent virosome subunit influenza vaccine: Production","volume":"20","author":"Mischler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.3390\/v4113227","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A\/Indonesia\/05\/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults","volume":"4","author":"Chichester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.061","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of a replication-deficient trivalent influenza virus vaccine lacking NS1","volume":"31","author":"Groiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.053","article-title":"Stable emulsion (SE) alone is an effective adjuvant for a recombinant, baculovirus-expressed H5 influenza vaccine in healthy adults: A Phase 2 trial","volume":"35","author":"Treanor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.284","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a novel recombinant simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 as a vectored vaccine expressing conserved Influenza A antigens","volume":"22","author":"Antrobus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00266-2","article-title":"High titre neutralising antibodies to influenza after oral tablet immunisation: A phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Kolhatkar, N., Gottlieb, K., Kasparek, K., Hodgson, K., Tucker, S., and Liebowitz, D. (1947). Influenza Vaccination via Oral Tablet is Protective and Induces a Unique Mucosal Immune Response. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Thomas, D.N. (2022, June 19). A(H7N9) VLP Antigen Dose-Ranging Study with Matrix-M1\u2122 Adjuvant, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT02078674."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.074","article-title":"mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"NIAID (2022, June 19). Safety and Immunogenicity Study of an Influenza Vaccination Strategy Including a H3N2 M2SR Prime Followed by a Seasonal Quadrivalent Inactivated Vaccine Boost in a Pediatric Population 9\u201317 Years Old, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT03553940."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Eurocine Vaccines, A.B. (2022, June 19). Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Immune Response Following Vaccination with Immunose\u2122 FLU, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT02998996."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"(2022, June 19). Novavax. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Trivalent Nanoparticle Influenza Vaccine with Matrix M-1 Adjuvant (NanoFlu), Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT03293498."},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"(2022, June 19). Novavax. Phase 3 Pivotal Trial of NanoFlu\u2122 in Older Adults, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT04120194."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30393-7","article-title":"Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: Interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Chen, G.L. (2022, June 19). Influenza HA Ferritin Vaccine, Alone or in Prime-Boost Regimens with an Influenza DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT03186781."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12202","article-title":"Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies","volume":"499","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852904","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.852904","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Reference-Controlled, Phase 2a Study Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Safety of OVX836, A Nucleoprotein-Based Influenza Vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Waerlop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:43Z","timestamp":1760145763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/11\/2578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v14112578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14112578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]}}}