{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:26:30Z","timestamp":1767007590701,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["HIG-13305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIG-13305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perinatally infected children living with HIV (CLWH) face lifelong infection and associated inflammatory injury. Chitinase-like 3 protein-1 (CHI3L1) is expressed by activated neutrophils and may be a clinically informative marker of systemic inflammation in CLWH. We conducted a multi-centre, cross-sectional study of CLWH, enrolled in the Early Pediatric Initiation Canadian Child Cure Cohort Study (EPIC4). Plasma levels of CHI3L1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and markers of microbial translocation were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Longitudinal clinical characteristics (viral load, neutrophil count, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts, and antiretroviral (ARV) regimen) were abstracted from patient medical records. One-hundred-and-five (105) CLWH (median age 13 years, 62% female) were included in the study. Seventy-seven (81%) had viral suppression on combination antiviral therapy (cART). The median CHI3L1 level was 25 \u03bcg\/L (IQR 19\u201339). CHI3L1 was directly correlated with neutrophil count (\u03c1 = 0.22, p = 0.023) and inversely correlated with CD4\/CD8 lymphocyte ratio (\u03c1 = \u22120.35, p = 0.00040). Children with detectable viral load had higher levels of CHI3L1 (40 \u03bcg\/L (interquartile range, IQR 33\u201344) versus 24 \u03bcg\/L (IQR 19\u201335), p = 0.0047). CHI3L1 levels were also correlated with markers of microbial translocation soluble CD14 (\u03c1 = 0.26, p = 0.010) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (\u03c1 = 0.23, p = 0.023). We did not detect differences in CHI3L1 between different cART regimens. High levels of neutrophil activation marker CHI3L1 are associated with poor virologic control, immune dysregulation, and microbial translocation in CLWH on cART.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T02:55:51Z","timestamp":1669172151000},"page":"2602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chitinase-3-like Protein 1 Is Associated with Poor Virologic Control and Immune Activation in Children Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris G.","family":"Ransy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019immunopathologie Virale, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Bitnun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindy","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5857-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Soudeyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019immunopathologie Virale, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4122-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Stollery Science Lab, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EPIC<sup>4<\/sup> Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189622","article-title":"State of the Science Conference","volume":"118","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.10","article-title":"Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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