{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:54:21Z","timestamp":1789606461200,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004419","name":"CRDF Global","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PO22-00179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO22-00179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent centennial anniversary of R.E. Montgomery\u2019s seminal published description of \u201ca form of swine fever\u201d disease transmitted from wild African pigs to European domestic pigs is a call to action to accelerate African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine research and development. ASF modified live virus (MLV) first-generation gene deleted vaccine candidates currently offer the most promise to meet international and national guidelines and regulatory requirements for veterinary product licensure and market authorization. A major, rate-limiting impediment to the acceleration of current as well as future vaccine candidates into regulatory development is the absence of internationally harmonized standards for assessing vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the asymmetrical landscape of peer-reviewed published literature on ASF MLV vaccine approaches and lead candidates, primarily studied to date in the research laboratory in proof-of-concept or early feasibility clinical safety and efficacy studies. Initial recommendations are offered toward eventual consensus of international harmonized guidelines and standards for ASF MLV vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To help ensure the successful regulatory development and approval of ASF MLV first generation vaccines by national regulatory associated government agencies, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) establishment and publication of harmonized international guidelines is paramount.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1669266548000},"page":"2619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["African Swine Fever Modified Live Vaccine Candidates: Transitioning from Discovery to Product Development through Harmonized Standards and Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Brake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(21)80031-4","article-title":"On a form of swine fever occurring in British East Africa (Kenya Colony)","volume":"34","author":"Montgomery","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Karabatsos, N. (1985). International Catalogue of Arboviruses: Including Certain Other Viruses of Vertebrates, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene for the Subcommittee on Information Exchange of the American Committee on Arthropod-borne Viruses. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.10.020","article-title":"African swine fever virus replication and genomics","volume":"173","author":"Dixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01293-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01293-18","article-title":"A Proteomic Atlas of the African Swine Fever Virus Particle","volume":"92","author":"Alejo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022). Science, 376, 1140. Available online: https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/epdf\/10.1126\/science.add3742."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"299","article-title":"African swine fever","volume":"19","author":"Detray","year":"1963","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1867","article-title":"Western hemisphere isolates of African swine fever virus: Asymptomatic carriers and resistance to challenge inoculation","volume":"41","author":"Mebus","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gonzalvo, F.R., Carnero, M.E., and Bruyel, V. (1981, January 23). Immunological responses of pigs to partially attenuated ASF and their resistance to virulent homologous and heterologous viruses. Proceedings of the FAO\/CEC Expert Consultation in ASF Research, Sassari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"711","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic responses of pigs to African swine fever virus isolated from the Western Hemisphere","volume":"45","author":"Hamdy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-3-513","article-title":"The non-haemadsorbing African swine fever virus isolate ASFV\/NH\/P68 provides a model for defining the protective anti-virus immune response","volume":"82","author":"Cartaxeiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i1.70","article-title":"African swine fever","volume":"76","author":"Penrith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.04.052","article-title":"Protection of European domestic pigs from virulent African isolates of African swine fever virus by experimental immunisation","volume":"29","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Live attenuated African swine fever viruses as ideal tools to dissect the mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis and immune protection","volume":"46","author":"Lacasta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.03.022","article-title":"Development of vaccines against African swine fever virus","volume":"265","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudreault, N.N., and Richt, J.A. (2019). Subunit Vaccine Approaches for African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7020056"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198099","article-title":"African swine fever\u2014A review of current knowledge","volume":"2287","author":"Blome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083741","article-title":"African swine fever epidemiology and control","volume":"8","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00084","article-title":"Progress Toward Development of Effective and Safe African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Sang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13364","article-title":"Current status and evolving approaches to African swine fever vaccine development","volume":"67","author":"Teklue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00154-2","article-title":"African swine fever vaccines: A promising work still in progress","volume":"6","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14191","article-title":"African swine fever vaccine: Turning a dream into reality","volume":"68","author":"Jurado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emer. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rock, D.L. (2021). Thoughts on African Swine Fever Vaccines. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050943"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladue, D.P., and Borca, M.V. (2022). Recombinant ASF Live Attenuated Virus Strains as Experimental Vaccine Candidates. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050878"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2108342","article-title":"African swine fever control and prevention: An update on vaccine development","volume":"11","author":"Urbano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"475","article-title":"Antibody response to inactivated preparations of African swine fever virus in pigs","volume":"123","author":"Stone","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bommeli, W., Kihm, U., and Ehrensperger, F. (1981, January 23\u201325). Preliminary study on immunization of pigs against African swine fever. Proceedings of the a CEC\/FAO Research, Sassari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314703","article-title":"The immunological response of pigs and guinea pigs to antigens of African swine fever virus","volume":"74","author":"Forman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.05.051","article-title":"Modern adjuvants do not enhance the efficacy of an inactivated African swine fever virus vaccine preparation","volume":"32","author":"Blome","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadenas-Fern\u00e1ndez, E., S\u00e1nchez-Vizca\u00edno, J.M., van den Born, E., Kosowska, A., van Kilsdonk, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco, P., Gallardo, C., Arias, M., and Barasona, J.A. (2021). High Doses of Inactivated African Swine Fever Virus Are Safe, but Do Not Confer Protection against a Virulent Challenge. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030242"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068367416050025","article-title":"Using Gamma Rays to Inactivate African Swine Fever Virus","volume":"42","author":"Boudarkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russ. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832264","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.832264","article-title":"Vaccination with a Gamma Irradiation-Inactivated African Swine Fever Virus Is Safe But Does Not Protect Against a Challenge","volume":"13","author":"Pikalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Okoth, E. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nri778","article-title":"Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: Implications for vaccine development","volume":"4","author":"Kaech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2039","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Pulendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a007252","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007252","article-title":"Vaccine design for CD8 T lymphocyte responses","volume":"1","author":"Koup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.033","article-title":"Heightened adaptive immune responses following vaccination with a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated influenza virus compared to adjuvanted, whole-inactivated virus in pigs","volume":"30","author":"Loving","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson, J., O\u2019Donnell, V., Alfano, M., Velazquez Salinas, L., Holinka, L.G., Krug, P.W., Gladue, D.P., Higgs, S., and Borca, M.V. (2016). Association of the Host Immune Response with Protection Using a Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus Model. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100291"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81038-0","article-title":"In vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes abrogates protective immunity to African swine fever virus","volume":"86","author":"Oura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1367","article-title":"African swine fever in neonatal pigs: Passively acquired protection from colostrum or serum of recovered pigs","volume":"45","author":"Schlafer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(85)90071-6","article-title":"The role of antibody in protection against African swine fever virus","volume":"9","author":"Wardley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1040","article-title":"Passively transferred African swine fever virus antibodies protect swine against lethal infection","volume":"198","author":"Onisk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00146-2","article-title":"Development of a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine and companion diagnostic test","volume":"73","author":"Moormann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.01.001","article-title":"Classical swine fever vaccines-State-of-the-art","volume":"206","author":"Blome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.10.001","article-title":"Efficacy of the marker vaccine rAdV-SFV-E2 against classical swine fever in the presence of maternally derived antibodies to rAdV-SFV-E2 or C-strain","volume":"196","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.983084","article-title":"Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0193","article-title":"Functional and immunological properties of the baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin of African swine fever virus","volume":"218","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9068","article-title":"The African swine fever virus proteins p54 and p30 are involved in two distinct steps of virus attachment and both contribute to the antibody-mediated protective immune response","volume":"243","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170056","article-title":"Antigenic and immunogenic properties of a chimera of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins","volume":"146","author":"Barderas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.11.011","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies to African swine fever virus proteins p30, p54, and p72 are not sufficient for antibody-mediated protection","volume":"319","author":"Neilan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7221","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.16.7221-7229.2001","article-title":"A virally encoded chaperone specialized for folding of the major capsid protein of African swine fever virus","volume":"75","author":"Cobbold","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11851-z","article-title":"Development of a p72 trimer-based colloidal gold strip for detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus","volume":"106","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.084","article-title":"Enhancing DNA immunization by targeting ASFV antigens to SLA-II bearing cells","volume":"29","author":"Argilaguet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argilaguet, J.M., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, E., Nofrar\u00edas, M., Gallardo, C., Accensi, F., Lacasta, A., Mora, M., Ballester, M., Galindo-Cardiel, I., and L\u00f3pez-Soria, S. (2012). DNA vaccination partially protects against African swine fever virus lethal challenge in the absence of antibodies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040942"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13322","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01893-14","article-title":"Expression library immunization can confer protection against lethal challenge with African swine fever virus","volume":"88","author":"Lacasta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02219-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02219-17","article-title":"Immunization of pigs by DNA prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost to identify and rank African swine fever virus immunogenic and protective proteins","volume":"96","author":"Jancovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunwoo, S.Y., P\u00e9rez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, D., Morozov, I., S\u00e1nchez, E.G., Gaudreault, N.N., Trujillo, J.D., Mur, L., Nogal, M., Madden, D., and Urbaniak, K. (2019). DNA-protein vaccination strategy does not protect from challenge with African swine fever virus Armenia 2007 strain. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7010012"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830244","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.830244","article-title":"Viral Vector Vaccines Against ASF: Problems and Prospectives","volume":"9","author":"Ravilov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.06.006","article-title":"Adenovirus-vectored African swine fever virus antigen cocktails are immunogenic but not protective against intranasal challenge with Georgia 2007\/1 isolate","volume":"235","author":"Lokhandwala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadenas-Fernandez, E., S\u00e1nchez-Vizcaino, J.M., Kosowska, A., Rivera, B., Mayoral-Alegre, F., Rodriguez-Bertos, A., Yao, J., Bray, J., Lokhandwala, S., and Mwangi, W. (2020). Adenovirus-vectored African swine fever virus antigens cocktail is not protective against virulent Arm07 isolate in Eurasian wild boar. Pathogens, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030171"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01318","article-title":"Identification and immunogenicity of African swine fever virus antigens","volume":"10","author":"Netherton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goatley, L.C., Reis, A.L., Portugal, R., Goldswain, H., Shimmon, G.L., Hargreaves, Z., Ho, C.S., Montoya, M., S\u00e1nchez-Cord\u00f3n, P.J., and Taylor, G. (2020). A pool of eight virally vectored African swine fever antigens protect pigs against fatal disease. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020234"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Brake, D.A. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02017-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-19","article-title":"Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177 L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain","volume":"94","author":"Borca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"e497","article-title":"African swine fever virus vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L efficiently protects European and native pig breeds against circulating Vietnamese field strain","volume":"69","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, X.H., Phuong, L.T.T., Huy, N.Q., Thuy, D.T., Nguyen, V.D., Quang, P.H., Ng\u00f4n, Q.V., Rai, A., Gay, C.G., and Gladue, D.P. (2022). Evaluation of the Safety Profile of the ASFV Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050896"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"811","article-title":"African swine fever in wart hogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus)","volume":"18","author":"Detray","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02177559","article-title":"Studii sull\u2019infezione e sul- l\u2019immunitor da virus erpetico","volume":"117","author":"Magrassi","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ztschr. Hyg. Infektinskr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1935.s1-15.675","article-title":"A protective action of neurotropic against viserotropic yellow fever virus in Macacus rhesus","volume":"15","author":"Hoskins","year":"1935","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"450","article-title":"Serologic and immunologic studies with African swine fever virus","volume":"24","author":"Malmquist","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249690","article-title":"Antigenic relationship among strains of African swine fever virus","volume":"45","author":"Vigario","year":"1974","journal-title":"Archiv. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12431","article-title":"Experimental Transmission of African Swine Fever (ASF) Low Virulent Isolate NH\/P68 by Surviving Pigs","volume":"62","author":"Gallardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.040","article-title":"African swine fever virus (ASFV) protection mediated by NH\/P68 and NH\/P68 recombinant live-attenuated viruses","volume":"36","author":"Gallardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80058-0","article-title":"Characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic African swine fever virus isolates from Ornithodoros erraticus inhabiting pig premises in Portugal","volume":"85","author":"Boinas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.021","article-title":"Different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated African swine fever virus isolate OURT88\/3","volume":"138","author":"Chapman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00350-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00350-20","article-title":"Absence of Long-Term Protection in Domestic Pigs Immunized with Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus Isolate OURT88\/3 or Benin\u0394MGF Correlates with Increased Levels of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10","volume":"94","author":"Jabbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis, A.L., Goatley, L.C., Jabbar, T., Lopez, E., Rathakrishnan, A., and Dixon, L.K. (2020). Deletion of the Gene for the Type I Interferon Inhibitor I329L from the Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus OURT88\/3 Strain Reduces Protection Induced in Pigs. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020262"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13132","article-title":"Attenuated and non-haemadsorbing (non-HAD) genotype II African swine fever virus (ASFV) isolated in Europe, Latvia 2017","volume":"66","author":"Gallardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00137","article-title":"First oral vaccination of Eurasian wild boar against African swine fever virus genotype II","volume":"6","author":"Barasona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"241","article-title":"Propagation, modification, and hemadsorption of African swine fever virus in cell cultures","volume":"23","author":"Malmquist","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"921","article-title":"and Sobral, M. Vaccination against ASF","volume":"60","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"199","article-title":"Quelques aspects morphogeneis des suites de la vaccination contre la PPA","volume":"63","author":"Petisca","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereda, A.D., Balyshev, V.M., Kazakova, A.S., Imatdinov, A.R., and Kolbasov, D.V. (2020). Protective properties of attenuated strains of African swine fever virus belonging to seroimmunotypes I-VIII. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040274"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03250-14","article-title":"The progressive adaptation of a Georgian isolate of African swine fever virus to Vero cells leads to a gradual attenuation of virulence in swine corresponding to major modifications of the viral genome","volume":"89","author":"Krug","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3471-5","article-title":"Virulent strain of African swine fever virus eclipses its attenuated derivative after challenge","volume":"162","author":"Titov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Ge, S., Zuo, Y., Lu, H., Lv, Y., Han, N., Cai, Y., Wu, X., and Wang, Z. (2022). Attenuated African swine fever virus through serial passaging of viruses in cell culture: A brief review on the knowledge gathered during 60 years of research. Virus Genes, 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-022-01939-z"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.04.028","article-title":"Deletion of virulence associated genes from attenuated African swine fever virus isolate OURT 88\/3 decreases its ability to protect against challenge with virulent virus","volume":"443","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01340-21","article-title":"Role of African Swine Fever Virus Proteins EP153R and EP402R in Reducing Viral Persistence in Blood and Virulence in Pigs Infected with BeninDeltaDP148R","volume":"96","author":"Petrovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.014","article-title":"African swine fever virus Georgia isolate harboring deletions of 9GL and MGF360\/505 genes is highly attenuated in swine but does not confer protection against parental virus challenge","volume":"221","author":"Holinka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladue, D.P., Ot\u2019Donnel, V., Ramirez-Medina, E., Rai, A., Pruitt, S., Vuono, E.A., Silva, E., Velazquez-Salinas, L., and Borca, M.V. (2020). Deletion of CD2- like (CD2v) and C-type lectin-like (EP153R) genes from African swine fever virus Georgia-9GL abrogates its effectiveness as an experimental vaccine. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101185"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E., O\u2019Donnell, V., Holinka, L.G., Silva, E., Rai, A., Pruitt, S., Carrillo, C., Gladue, D.P., and Borca, M.V. (2019). Differential Effect of the Deletion of African Swine Fever Virus Virulence-Associated Genes in the Induction of Attenuation of the Highly Virulent Georgia Strain. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070599"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Moreno, L.T., Alejo, A., Lacasta, A., Rodr\u00edguez, F., and Salas, M.L. (2015). Genome Sequence of African Swine Fever Virus BA71, the Virulent Parental Strain of the Nonpathogenic and Tissue-Culture Adapted BA71V. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142889"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1058","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01058-17","article-title":"BA71deltaCD2: A new recombinant live attenuated African swine fever virus with cross-protective capabilities","volume":"91","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, E., van Heerden, J., Bosch-Cam\u00f3s, L., Accensi, F., Navas, M.J., L\u00f3pez-Monteagudo, P., Argilaguet, J., Gallardo, C., Pina-Pedrero, S., and Salas, M.L. (2020). Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Viruses as Ideal Tools to Dissect the Mechanisms Involved in Cross-Protection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121474"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, E., Bosch-Cam\u00f3s, L., Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E., Navas, M.J., Mu\u00f1oz, M., Accensi, F., Zhang, J., Alonso, U., and Argilaguet, J. (2021). Deletion Mutants of the Attenuated Recombinant ASF Virus, BA71\u0394CD2, Show Decreased Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091678"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12989","article-title":"Emergence of African swine fever in China","volume":"65","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, J., Chi, X., Yuan, X., Wen, F., Rai, K.R., Wu, L., Song, Z., Wang, S., Guo, G., and Chen, J.L. (2022). I226R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Is a Suppressor of Innate Antiviral Responses. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030575"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Construction and immunoprotective characterization of gene deleted African swine fever virus vaccine and candidates","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119921","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01199-21","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Bearing an I226R Gene Deletion Elicits Robust Immunity in Pigs to African Swine Fever","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"e01760-16","article-title":"Simultaneous Deletion of the 9GL and UK Genes from the African Swine Fever Virus Georgia 2007 Isolate Offers Increased Safety and Protection against Homologous Challenge","volume":"91","author":"Risatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklue, T., Wang, T., Luo, Y., Hu, R., Sun, Y., and Qiu, H.J. (2020). Generation and Evaluation of an African Swine Fever Virus Mutant with Deletion of the CD2v and UK Genes. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040763"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00554-15","article-title":"African swine fever virus Georgia isolate harboring deletions of MGF360 and MGF505 genes is attenuated in swine and confers protection against challenge with virulent parental virus","volume":"89","author":"Holinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0012321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00123-21","article-title":"A Cell Culture-Adapted Vaccine Virus against the Current African Swine Fever Virus Pandemic Strain","volume":"95","author":"Borca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1657-9","article-title":"A seven-gene-deleted African swine fever virus is safe and effective as a live attenuated vaccine in pigs","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8556","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00969-15","article-title":"African swine fever virus Georgia 2007 with a deletion of virulence-associated gene 9GL (B119L), when administered at low doses, leads to virus attenuation in swine and induces an effective protection against homologous challenge","volume":"89","author":"Holinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1590128","article-title":"Replication and virulence in pigs of the first African swine fever virus isolated in China","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.9.5312-5320.1993","article-title":"African swine fever virus encodes a CD2 homolog responsible for the adhesion of erythrocytes to infected cells","volume":"67","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1028-1035.1998","article-title":"A Nonessential African swine fever virus gene UK is a significant virulence determinant in domestic swine","volume":"72","author":"Zsak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.5.2445-2453.2004","article-title":"African swine fever virus multigene family 360 genes affect virus replication and generalization of infection in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks","volume":"78","author":"Burrage","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.7.3066-3076.2001","article-title":"African swine fever virus multigene family 360 and 530 genes are novel macrophage host range determinants","volume":"75","author":"Zsak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deutschmann, P., Carrau, T., Sehl-Ewert, J., Forth, J.H., Viaplana, E., Mancera, J.C., Urniza, A., Beer, M., and Blome, S. (2022). Taking a Promising Vaccine Candidate Further: Efficacy of ASFV-G-\u0394MGF after Intramuscular Vaccination of Domestic Pigs and Oral Vaccination of Wild Boar. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202208.0051.v1"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03370-12","article-title":"A continuous bovine kidney cell line constitutively expressing bovine \u03b1v\u03b26 integrin has increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"51","author":"LaRocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borca, M.V., Ramirez-Medina, E., Silva, E., Vuono, E., Rai, A., Pruitt, S., Espinoza, N., Velazquez-Salinas, L., Gay, C.G., and Gladue, D.P. (2021). ASFV-G-\u2206I177L as an Effective Oral Nasal Vaccine against the Eurasia Strain of Africa Swine Fever. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050765"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2022, October 20). Tests for Sterility and Freedom from Contamination of Biological Materials Intended for Veterinary Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/1.01.09_TESTS_FOR_STERILITY.pdf."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"(2022, October 20). Minimum Requirements for the Production and Quality Control of Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/2.03.04_MANU_SITES_VACCINE_PROD_CONTROL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768869","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.768869","article-title":"Development Real-Time PCR Assays to Genetically Differentiate Vaccinated Pigs From Infected Pigs With the Eurasian Strain of African Swine Fever Virus","volume":"8","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meloni, D., Franzoni, G., and Oggiano, A. (2022). Cell Lines for the Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidates: An Update. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050707"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, A., Pruitt, S., Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E.A., Silva, E., Velazquez-Salinas, L., Carrillo, C., Borca, M.V., and Gladue, D.P. (2020). Identification of a continuously stable and commercially available cell line for the identification of infectious African swine fever virus in clinical samples. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080820"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"261","article-title":"Development of optimized protocol for culturing African swine fever virus field isolates in MA104 cells","volume":"86","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njau, E.P., Machuka, E.M., Cleaveland, S., Shirima, G.M., Kusiluka, L.J., Okoth, E.A., and Pelle, R. (2021). African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV): Biology, Genomics and Genotypes Circulating in Sub-Saharan Africa. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112285"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1999779","article-title":"Genotype I African swine fever viruses emerged in domestic pigs in China and caused chronic infection","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2614","article-title":"Why do RNA viruses recombine?","volume":"9","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.191111","article-title":"Recombination between Vaccine and Field Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.056","article-title":"Multiple recombination events between field and vaccine strains resulted in the emergence of a novel infectious bronchitis virus with decreased pathogenicity and altered replication capacity","volume":"99","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.451","article-title":"Recombination in alphaherpesviruses","volume":"15","author":"Thiry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0031821","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00318-21","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Gene Acquisition through Nonhomologous Recombination","volume":"95","author":"Norris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt916","article-title":"Discovery of functional genomic motifs in viruses with ViReMa-a Virus Recombination Mapper-for analysis of next-generation sequencing data","volume":"42","author":"Routh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotcheff, S., Zhou, Y., Sun, Y., Johnson, J.E., Torbett, B.E., and Routh, A.L. (2022). ViReMa: A virus recombination mapper of next-generation sequencingdata characterizes diverse recombinant viral nucleic acids. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.12.484090"},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"VICH Topic GL41 (2022, October 20). Guideline on Target Animal Safety: Examination of Live Veterinary Vaccines in Target Animals for Absence of Reversion to Virulence. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/vich-gl41-target-animal-safety-examination-live-veterinary-vaccines-target-animals-absence-reversion_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2022, October 20). Veterinary Services Memorandum No. 800.201. General Licensing Considerations: Backpassage Studies, Available online: https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_health\/vet_biologics\/publications\/memo_800_201.pdf."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"VICH Topic GL44 (2022, October 20). Guideline on Target Animal Safety for Veterinary Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/vich-gl44-target-animal-safety-veterinary-live-inactived-vaccines-step-7_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.09.024","article-title":"Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs","volume":"178","author":"Howey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0042","article-title":"Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio","volume":"2","author":"Heffernan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.06.025","article-title":"African swine fever virus excretion patterns in persistently infected animals: A quantitative approach","volume":"160","author":"Weesendorp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.12.018","article-title":"Standardization of pathological investigations in the framework of experimental ASFV infections","volume":"173","author":"Ballester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197673","article-title":"Genetic and Antigenic Diversity of African Swine Fever Virus","volume":"271","author":"Malogolovkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"104","article-title":"Hemadsorption and cytopathic effect produced by African Swine Fever virus in swine bone marrow and buffy coat cultures","volume":"21","author":"Malmquist","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92593-2","article-title":"The first genotype II African swine fever virus isolated in Africa provides insight into the current Eurasian pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Njau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"(2022, October 20). Cell Cultures for the Production of Veterinary Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/file.wuxuwang.com\/yaopinbz\/EP8\/EP8.6_01__18.pdf."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations (2022, October 20). \u00a7113.46. Detection of Cytopathogenic and\/or Hemadsorbing Agents, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-9\/chapter-I\/subchapter-E\/part-113\/subject-group-ECFRdf8f72db5f24969\/section-113.46."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations (2022, October 20). \u00a7113.47. Detection of Extraneous Viruses by the Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-9\/chapter-I\/subchapter-E\/part-113\/subject-group-ECFRdf8f72db5f24969\/section-113.47."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations (2022, October 20). \u00a7113.51. Requirements for Primary Cells Used for Production of Biologics, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-9\/chapter-I\/subchapter-E\/part-113\/subject-group-ECFRa4cbfb362190bc0\/section-113.51."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.01.017","article-title":"Pathology of African swine fever: The role of monocyte-macrophage","volume":"173","author":"Bautista","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics (2022, November 20). Available online: https:\/\/www.asfvgenomics.com."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"(2022, October 20). African Swine Fever. Gap Analysis Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/np103\/SymposiumWorkshopsMeetings\/GARA%20Gap%20Analysis%20Report%202018%2011-11-18.pdf."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2619\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:55Z","timestamp":1760145955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v14122619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14122619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}