{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:31:12Z","timestamp":1776756672195,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1177174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1177174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1194263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1194263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination, supported by social and public health measures, has proven efficacious for reducing disease severity and virus spread. However, the emergence of highly transmissible viral variants that escape prior immunity highlights the need for additional mitigation approaches. Heparin binds the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can inhibit virus entry and replication in susceptible human cell lines and bronchial epithelial cells. Primary infection predominantly occurs via the nasal epithelium, but the nasal cell biology of SARS-CoV-2 is not well studied. We hypothesized that prophylactic intranasal administration of heparin may provide strain-agnostic protection for household contacts or those in high-risk settings against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we investigated the ability of heparin to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells and showed that prolonged exposure to heparin inhibits virus infection. Furthermore, we establish a method for PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes in heparin-treated samples that can be adapted for the detection of viruses in clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1669343363000},"page":"2620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Heparin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo Yi Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1177-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy","family":"Suryadinata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"McCafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Haematology, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Ignjatovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian F. J.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-5193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig J.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3970-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Monagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Haematology, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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