{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:23:00Z","timestamp":1787642580393,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Mikrobiologie und Infektionskrankheiten, Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Fakult\u00e4t, Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Institut f\u00fcr Virologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Virologie, Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Universit\u00e4t Wien"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses \u201cDessau\u201d and \u201cGiessen\u201d were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine \u201cDessau\u201d was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses \u201cDessau\u201d and \u201cGiessen\u201d belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the \u201cGiessen\u201d virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the \u201cDessau\u201d virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine \u201cDessau\u201d. Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine \u201cDessau\u201d developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1670213402000},"page":"2706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"D\u00fcrrwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kolodziejek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djin-Ye","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestra\u00dfe 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Liebermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5313-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Osterrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Virologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Borna disease: A persistent virus infection of the central nervous system","volume":"35","author":"Ludwig","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001613","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001613","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bornaviridae","volume":"102","author":"Rubbenstroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2276-z","article-title":"Taxonomic reorganization of the family Bornaviridae","volume":"160","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. 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