{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:33:01Z","timestamp":1791498781791,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections during pregnancy raise several clinical challenges, including birth defects in the offspring. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to prove and highlight the risk of birth defects after first-trimester maternal influenza infection. Our systematic search was performed on 21 November 2022. Studies that reported maternal influenza infection in the first trimester and non-chromosomal congenital abnormalities were considered eligible. We used odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to measure the effect size. Pooled ORs were calculated with a random effects model. Heterogeneity was measured with I\u00b2 and Cochran\u2019s Q tests. We found that first-trimester maternal influenza was associated with increased odds of developing any type of birth defects (OR: 1.5, CI: 1.30\u20131.70). Moreover, newborns were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with neural tube defects (OR: 2.48, CI: 1.95\u20133.14) or cleft lip and palate (OR: 2.48, CI: 1.87\u20133.28). We also found increased odds of developing congenital heart defects (OR: 1.63, CI: 1.27\u20132.09). In conclusion, influenza increases the odds of non-chromosomal birth defects in the first trimester. The aim of the present study was to estimate the risk of CAs in the offspring of mothers affected by first-trimester influenza infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1670213402000},"page":"2708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["First-Trimester Influenza Infection Increases the Odds of Non-Chromosomal Birth Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"M\u00e1trai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-7886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitta","family":"Teutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka","family":"Peth\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akari","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, 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Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Melczer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e1ndor","family":"\u00c1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30365-2","article-title":"What are the risks 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