{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:13:28Z","timestamp":1790230408413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA","award":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA","award":["INV018978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018978"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA","award":["INV018278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018278"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar","award":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar","award":["INV018978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018978"]}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar","award":["INV018278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018278"]}]},{"name":"Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI) through the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation funds","award":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 IDSEP190051-02-01"]}]},{"name":"Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI) through the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation funds","award":["INV018978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018978"]}]},{"name":"Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI) through the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation funds","award":["INV018278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV018278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a virus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex and belongs to the family Flaviviridae of the genus flavivirus. The virus can cause infection in humans which in most cases is asymptomatic, however symptomatic cases exist and the disease can be severe causing encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds, humans and other mammals such as horses can be accidental hosts. A mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system and the sentinel syndromic surveillance network (4S) have been in place since 1988 and 2015 respectively, to better understand the transmission dynamics of arboviruses including WNV in Senegal. Arthropod and human samples have been collected from the field and analysed at Institut Pasteur de Dakar using different methods including RT-PCR, ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test and viral isolation. RT-PCR positive samples have been analysed by Next Generation Sequencing. From 2012 to 2021, 7912 samples have been analysed and WNV positive cases have been detected, 20 human cases (19 IgM and 1 RT-PCR positive cases) and 41 mosquito pools. Phylogenetic analyzes of the sequences of complete genomes obtained showed the circulation of lineage 1a, with all these recent strains from Senegal identical to each other and very close to strains isolated from horse in France in 2015, Italy and Spain. Our data showed lineage 1a endemicity in Senegal as previously described, with circulation of WNV in humans and mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyzes carried out with the genome sequences obtained also revealed exchanges of WNV strains between Europe and Senegal which could be possible via migratory birds. The surveillance systems that have enabled the detection of WNV in humans and arthropods should be extended to animals in a one-health approach to better prepare for global health threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T02:55:39Z","timestamp":1670295339000},"page":"2720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Re-Introduction of West Nile Virus Lineage 1 in Senegal from Europe and Subsequent Circulation in Human and Mosquito Populations between 2012 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Henriette Dior","family":"Ndione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Hadji","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moussa Mo\u00efse","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diawo","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadou","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou Alpha","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheikh","family":"Loucoubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3478-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumar","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Aliou","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. 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