{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:13:05Z","timestamp":1792120385144,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI059374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI059374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI158177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI158177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch #1014146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch #1014146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI059374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI059374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI158177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI158177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hatch #1014146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hatch #1014146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An adenoviral (AdV)-based vector system is a promising platform for vaccine development and gene therapy applications. Administration of an AdV vector elicits robust innate immunity, leading to the development of humoral and cellular immune responses against the vector and the transgene antigen, if applicable. The use of high doses (1011\u20131013 virus particles) of an AdV vector, especially for gene therapy applications, could lead to vector toxicity due to excessive levels of innate immune responses, vector interactions with blood factors, or high levels of vector transduction in the liver and spleen. Additionally, the high prevalence of AdV infections in humans or the first inoculation with the AdV vector result in the development of vector-specific immune responses, popularly known as preexisting vector immunity. It significantly reduces the vector efficiency following the use of an AdV vector that is prone to preexisting vector immunity. Several approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. The utilization of rare human AdV types or nonhuman AdVs is the primary strategy to evade preexisting vector immunity. The use of heterologous viral vectors, capsid modification, and vector encapsulation are alternative methods to evade vector immunity. The vectors can be optimized for clinical applications with comprehensive knowledge of AdV vector immunity, toxicity, and circumvention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T02:49:35Z","timestamp":1670381375000},"page":"2727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Significance of Preexisting Vector Immunity and Activation of Innate Responses for Adenoviral Vector-Based Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wen-Chien","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekramy E.","family":"Sayedahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh K.","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-85-20825","article-title":"Recovery of New Agent from Patients with Acute Respiratory Illness","volume":"85","author":"Hllleman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Exp. 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