{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:50:45Z","timestamp":1766587845533,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200110","22-15-00117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200110","22-15-00117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["200110","22-15-00117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200110","22-15-00117"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The HIV\/AIDS epidemic in Russia is among the fastest growing in the world. HIV epidemic burden is non-uniform in different Russian regions and diverse key populations. An explosive epidemic has been documented among people who inject drugs (PWID) starting from the mid-1990s, whereas presently, the majority of new infections are linked to sexual transmission. Nationwide, HIV sub-subtype A6 (previously called AFSU) predominates, with the increasing presence of other subtypes, namely subtype B and CRF063_02A. This study explores HIV subtype B sequences from St. Petersburg, collected from 2006 to 2020, in order to phylogenetically investigate and characterize transmission clusters, focusing on their evolutionary dynamics and potential for further growth, along with a socio-demographic analysis of the available metadata. In total, 54% (107\/198) of analyzed subtype B sequences were found grouped in 17 clusters, with four transmission clusters with the number of sequences above 10. Using Bayesian MCMC inference, tMRCA of HIV-1 subtype B was estimated to be around 1986 (95% HPD 1984\u20131991), whereas the estimated temporal origin for the four large clusters was found to be more recent, between 2001 and 2005. The results of our study imply a complex pattern of the epidemic spread of HIV subtype B in St. Petersburg, Russia, still in the exponential growth phase, and in connection to the men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission, providing a useful insight needed for the design of public health priorities and interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T06:14:00Z","timestamp":1670566440000},"page":"2748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reconstructing the Temporal Origin and the Transmission Dynamics of the HIV Subtype B Epidemic in St. Petersburg, Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Siljic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0453-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-3461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luka","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Antonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6787-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Ozhmegova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiyana","family":"Vinogradova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksei","family":"Ermakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Monakhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg City AIDS Center, 190103 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5481-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Bobkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of T-Lymphotropic Viruses, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Stanojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe (2021). HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe 2021\u20132020 Data."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Federal Russian AIDS Center (2022, May 30). Report 2021. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyrer, C., Wirtz, A.L., O\u2019Hara, G., L\u00e9on, N., and Kazatchkine, M. (2017). 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