{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:34:20Z","timestamp":1782797660489,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NIAID SVEU","award":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIAID SVEU","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIAID SVEU","award":["HHSN272201800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800003C"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIAID SVEU","award":["HHSN272201800004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800004C"]}]},{"name":"NIH NIAID SVEU","award":["CFAR P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFAR P30 AI064518"]}]},{"name":"National Center For Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of the NIH","award":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"]}]},{"name":"National Center For Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of the NIH","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}]},{"name":"National Center For Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of the NIH","award":["HHSN272201800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800003C"]}]},{"name":"National Center For Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of the NIH","award":["HHSN272201800004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800004C"]}]},{"name":"National Center For Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs of the NIH","award":["CFAR P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFAR P30 AI064518"]}]},{"name":"NIAID DAIDS Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development","award":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"]}]},{"name":"NIAID DAIDS Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}]},{"name":"NIAID DAIDS Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development","award":["HHSN272201800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800003C"]}]},{"name":"NIAID DAIDS Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development","award":["HHSN272201800004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800004C"]}]},{"name":"NIAID DAIDS Nonhuman Primate Core Virology Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development","award":["CFAR P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFAR P30 AI064518"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800003C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201800004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800004C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFAR P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFAR P30 AI064518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27200005 Task Order 003-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201800003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800003C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201800004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201800004C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFAR P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFAR P30 AI064518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV vaccine mediated efficacy, using an expanded live attenuated recombinant varicella virus-vectored SIV rSVV-SIVgag\/env vaccine prime with adjuvanted SIV-Env and SIV-Gag protein boosts, was evaluated in a female rhesus macaques (RM) model against repeated intravaginal SIV challenges. Vaccination induced anti-SIV IgG responses and neutralizing antibodies were found in all vaccinated RMs. Three of the eight vaccinated RM remained uninfected (vaccinated and protected, VP) after 13 repeated challenges with the pathogenic SIVmac251-CX-1. The remaining five vaccinated and infected (VI) macaques had significantly reduced plasma viral loads compared with the infected controls (IC). A significant increase in systemic central memory CD4+ T cells and mucosal CD8+ effector memory T-cell responses was detected in vaccinated RMs compared to controls. Variability in lymph node SIV-Gag and Env specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses were detected in the VI RMs while all three VP RMs had more durable cytokine responses following vaccination and prior to challenge. VI RMs demonstrated predominately SIV-specific monofunctional cytokine responses while the VP RMs generated polyfunctional cytokine responses. This study demonstrates that varicella virus-vectored SIV vaccination with protein boosts induces a 37.5% efficacy rate against pathogenic SIV challenge by generating mucosal memory, virus specific neutralizing antibodies, binding antibodies, and polyfunctional T-cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1671433109000},"page":"2819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recombinant Simian Varicella Virus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Induces T and B Cell Functions and Provides Partial Protection against Repeated Mucosal SIV Challenges in Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bapi","family":"Pahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissa","family":"Fahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Grasperge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyone Pyone","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Schiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystle","family":"Hensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneeka","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"LaBranche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia D.","family":"Tomaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Todd","family":"DeMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Montefiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kissinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preston A.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Traina-Dorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021). Global AIDS Update 2021. UNAIDS: Confronting Inequalities; Lessons for Pandemic Responses from 40 Years of AIDS, UNAIDS."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk1688","article-title":"A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands","volume":"375","author":"Wymant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022). Danger: UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2022, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2037069","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37069","article-title":"COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Living With or Without Diagnosed HIV Infection in New York State","volume":"4","author":"Tesoriero","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00070-9","article-title":"Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV","volume":"8","author":"Ambrosioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30305-2","article-title":"HIV infection and COVID-19 death: A population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform","volume":"8","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.02.003","article-title":"Varicella vaccination of children in the United States: Assessment after the first decade 1995\u20132005","volume":"33","author":"Grose","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillet, Y., Habermehl, P., Thomas, S., Eymin, C., and Fiquet, A. (2009). Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant administration of a measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (M-M-RvaxPro) and a varicella vaccine (VARIVAX) by intramuscular or subcutaneous routes at separate injection sites: A randomised clinical trial. BMC Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-16"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103293441302","article-title":"The effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice","volume":"344","author":"Vazquez","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1086\/505149","article-title":"Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV-infected children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+) T cells","volume":"194","author":"Levin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1086\/652798","article-title":"Effectiveness of varicella vaccine in children infected with HIV","volume":"201","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280113f29","article-title":"Varicella vaccination in HIV-1-infected children after immune reconstitution","volume":"20","author":"Bekker","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219439","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/219439","article-title":"Recombinant varicella-zoster virus vaccines as platforms for expression of foreign antigens","volume":"2013","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-6-1393","article-title":"Development of immunogenic recombinant Oka varicella vaccine expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen","volume":"72","author":"Shiraki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1022","article-title":"Construction of Oka varicella vaccine expressing human immunodeficiency virus env antigen","volume":"64","author":"Shiraki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.039","article-title":"Generation of a recombinant Oka varicella vaccine expressing mumps virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein as a polyvalent live vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Somboonthum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8109","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.12.8109-8113.1995","article-title":"Immunization with recombinant varicella-zoster virus expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D reduces the severity of genital herpes in guinea pigs","volume":"69","author":"Heineman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.12.010","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus expressing HSV-2 glycoproteins B and D induces protection against HSV-2 challenge","volume":"22","author":"Heineman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12087","article-title":"Novel polyvalent live vaccine against varicella-zoster and mumps virus infections","volume":"57","author":"Matsuura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.437","article-title":"Simian varicella: A model for human varicella-zoster virus infections","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"22","article-title":"Simian varicella in old world monkeys","volume":"58","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-5-1209","article-title":"Simian varicella virus: Characterization of virion and infected cell polypeptides and the antigenic cross-reactivity with varicella-zoster virus","volume":"73","author":"Fletcher","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90022-H","article-title":"The simian varicella virus and varicella zoster virus genomes are similar in size and structure","volume":"186","author":"Gray","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.03.025","article-title":"Recombinant simian varicella viruses induce immune responses to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens in immunized vervet monkeys","volume":"364","author":"Ou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.018","article-title":"Recombinant varicella vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to SIV and reduce viral loads in immunized rhesus macaques","volume":"28","author":"Pahar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-160","article-title":"Increased cellular immune responses and CD4+ T-cell proliferation correlate with reduced plasma viral load in SIV challenged recombinant simian varicella virus\u2014Simian immunodeficiency virus (rSVV-SIV) vaccinated rhesus macaques","volume":"9","author":"Pahar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.094","article-title":"Current advances in HIV vaccine preclinical studies using Macaque models","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00069.x","article-title":"Experimental simian varicella virus infection of St. Kitts vervet monkeys","volume":"27","author":"Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03507-12","article-title":"Comparative characterization of transfection- and infection-derived simian immunodeficiency virus challenge stocks for in vivo nonhuman primate studies","volume":"87","author":"Scarlotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83453-0","article-title":"Recombinant simian varicella viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus antigens are immunogenic","volume":"89","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02927.x","article-title":"A high frequency of Mamu-A*01 in the rhesus macaque detected by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers and direct sequencing","volume":"50","author":"Knapp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.4.765-767.1988","article-title":"Dot immunobinding assay compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid and specific detection of retrovirus antibody induced by human or simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Heberling","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00407-07","article-title":"Simian varicella virus expresses a latency-associated transcript that is antisense to open reading frame 61 (ICP0) mRNA in neural ganglia of latently infected monkeys","volume":"81","author":"Ou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9442","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00774-14","article-title":"Cytokine\/Chemokine responses in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, bone marrow, and axillary lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11916","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01750-13","article-title":"Dynamics of cytokine\/chemokine responses in intestinal CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"87","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001181","article-title":"Lack of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFalpha production is linked to decreased CD58 expression in intestinal tissue during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"100","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00914","article-title":"Cannabinoid Attenuation of Intestinal Inflammation in Chronic SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques Involves T Cell Modulation and Differential Expression of Micro-RNAs and Pro-inflammatory Genes","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, G.M., Molden, J., Busman-Sahay, K., Abdulhaqq, S., Wu, H.L., Weber, W.C., Bateman, K.B., Reed, J.S., Northrup, M., and Maier, N. (2020). The human IL-15 superagonist N-803 promotes migration of virus-specific CD8+ T and NK cells to B cell follicles but does not reverse latency in ART-suppressed, SHIV-infected macaques. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008339"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0652-x","article-title":"Breadth and magnitude of antigen-specific antibody responses in the control of plasma viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques","volume":"13","author":"Pahar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-170-3_26","article-title":"Measuring HIV neutralization in a luciferase reporter gene assay","volume":"485","author":"Montefiori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12552","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine Simian Varicella Virus antibody titers in infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"51","author":"Gray","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez, L.G., Martinez, D.R., deCamp, A.C., Pinter, A., Berman, P.W., Francis, D., Sinangil, F., Lee, C., Greene, K., and Gao, H. (2017). V1V2-specific complement activating serum IgG as a correlate of reduced HIV-1 infection risk in RV144. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180720"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, G., Fourati, S., Vaccari, M., Rahman, M.A., Gordon, S.N., Brown, D.R., Law, L., Chang, J., Green, R., and Barrenas, F. (2020). Engagement of monocytes, NK cells, and CD4+ Th1 cells by ALVAC-SIV vaccination results in a decreased risk of SIVmac251 vaginal acquisition. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008377"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.010","article-title":"Virus-specific T cell responses in macaques acutely infected with SHIV(sf162p3)","volume":"363","author":"Pahar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113425","article-title":"Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial","volume":"366","author":"Haynes","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1214s102","article-title":"Nonhuman primate models for HIV\/AIDS vaccine development","volume":"102","author":"Sui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.965-974.1998","article-title":"Attenuation of the vaccine Oka strain of varicella-zoster virus and role of glycoprotein C in alphaherpesvirus virulence demonstrated in the SCID-hu mouse","volume":"72","author":"Moffat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4540-4548.1990","article-title":"The glycoprotein products of varicella-zoster virus gene 14 and their defective accumulation in a vaccine strain (Oka)","volume":"64","author":"Kinchington","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0304-3","article-title":"Genome-wide reduction in transcriptomal profiles of varicella-zoster virus vaccine strains compared with parental Oka strain using long oligonucleotide microarrays","volume":"38","author":"Grinfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908492","article-title":"Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand","volume":"361","author":"Pitisuttithum","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax1880","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax1880","article-title":"Immune correlates of the Thai RV144 HIV vaccine regimen in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nri778","article-title":"Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: Implications for vaccine development","volume":"2","author":"Kaech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6851","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03305-12","article-title":"CD27-CD70 costimulation controls T cell immunity during acute and persistent cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"87","author":"Welten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4402","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03177-15","article-title":"Viral Persistence Induces Antibody Inflation without Altering Antibody Avidity","volume":"90","author":"Welten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535520","article-title":"Intestinal double-positive CD4+CD8+ T cells are highly activated memory cells with an increased capacity to produce cytokines","volume":"36","author":"Pahar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-160077","article-title":"Intestinal double-positive CD4+CD8+ T cells of neonatal rhesus macaques are proliferating, activated memory cells and primary targets for SIVMAC251 infection","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33034","article-title":"Understanding the benign nature of SIV infection in natural hosts","volume":"117","author":"Silvestri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.3026","article-title":"Severe depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells in AIDS-free simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys","volume":"179","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.3035","article-title":"Acute loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells is not predictive of simian immunodeficiency virus virulence","volume":"179","author":"Pandrea","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2274","article-title":"T-cell quality in memory and protection: Implications for vaccine design","volume":"8","author":"Seder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00276","article-title":"Features of Effective T Cell-Inducing Vaccines against Chronic Viral Infections","volume":"9","author":"Panagioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:23Z","timestamp":1760147003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v14122819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14122819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]}}}