{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:42:10Z","timestamp":1789566130031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division\u2014Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (AFHSD-GEIS) project","award":["P0124_20_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0124_20_WR"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division\u2014Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (AFHSD-GEIS) project","award":["P0030_21_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0030_21_WR"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division\u2014Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (AFHSD-GEIS) project","award":["P0065_22_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0065_22_WR"]}]},{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division\u2014Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (AFHSD-GEIS) project","award":["2000011037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000011037"]}]},{"name":"WRBU core laboratory","award":["P0124_20_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0124_20_WR"]}]},{"name":"WRBU core laboratory","award":["P0030_21_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0030_21_WR"]}]},{"name":"WRBU core laboratory","award":["P0065_22_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0065_22_WR"]}]},{"name":"WRBU core laboratory","award":["2000011037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000011037"]}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["P0124_20_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0124_20_WR"]}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["P0030_21_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0030_21_WR"]}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["P0065_22_WR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0065_22_WR"]}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["2000011037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000011037"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Methods: To investigate virus diversity in hot zones of probable pathogen spillover, 54 oral-fecal swabs were processed from five bat species collected from three cave systems in Kenya, using metagenome sequencing. Results: Viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Coronaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Herpesviridae and Retroviridae were detected, with unclassified viruses. Retroviral sequences were prevalent; 74.1% of all samples were positive, with distinct correlations between virus, site and host bat species. Detected retroviruses comprised Myotis myotis, Myotis ricketti, Myotis daubentonii and Galidia endogenous retroviruses, murine leukemia virus-related virus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum retrovirus (RFRV). A near-complete genome of a local RFRV strain with identical genome organization and 2.8% nucleotide divergence from the prototype isolate was characterized. Bat coronavirus sequences were detected with a prevalence of 24.1%, where analyses on the ORF1ab region revealed a novel alphacoronavirus lineage. Astrovirus sequences were detected in 25.9%of all samples, with considerable diversity. In 9.2% of the samples, other viruses including Actinidia yellowing virus 2, bat betaherpesvirus, Bole tick virus 4, Cyclovirus and Rhopalosiphum padi virus were identified. Conclusions: Further monitoring of bats across Kenya is essential to facilitate early recognition of possibly emergent zoonotic viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1671433109000},"page":"2820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Coronavirus and a Broad Range of Viruses in Kenyan Cave Bats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kamau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Ergunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Webala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok 20500, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia A.","family":"Justi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian P.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen W.","family":"Kamau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya"},{"name":"Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), Front Royal, VA 22630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Hassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary N.","family":"Chege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Simiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok 20500, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sospeter","family":"Kibiwot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok 20500, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Onyuok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Caicedo-Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"},{"name":"Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9790-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne-Marie","family":"Linton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA"},{"name":"One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution\u2013National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888","article-title":"Risk factors for human disease emergence","volume":"356","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00004-08","article-title":"Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases","volume":"72","author":"Parrish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx147","article-title":"How many species of mammals are there?","volume":"99","author":"Burgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Simmons, N.B., and Cirranello, A.L. (2022, May 09). Bat Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Database. Available online: https:\/\/batnames.org\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0394-z","article-title":"Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence","volume":"18","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-06","article-title":"Bats: Important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses","volume":"19","author":"Calisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22975","article-title":"Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals","volume":"546","author":"Olival","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.05.006","article-title":"Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases","volume":"205","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118391","article-title":"Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses","volume":"310","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12711","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor","volume":"503","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.12.008","article-title":"Zoonotic disease and virome diversity in bats","volume":"52","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohl, C., Nitsche, A., and Kurth, A. (2021). Update on Potentially Zoonotic Viruses of European Bats. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070690"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86435-4","article-title":"The virome of German bats: Comparing virus discovery approaches","volume":"11","author":"Kohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3158\/2158-5520-12.6.1","article-title":"Keys to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of East Africa","volume":"6","author":"Patterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fieldiana Life Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.059","article-title":"An annotated checklist of mammals of Kenya","volume":"40","author":"Musila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0664","article-title":"Molecular detection of adenoviruses, rhabdoviruses, and paramyxoviruses in bats from Kenya","volume":"91","author":"Conrardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.202925","article-title":"Range Expansion of Bombali Virus in Mops condylurus Bats, Kenya","volume":"26","author":"Kareinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.091269","article-title":"Marburg virus in fruit bat, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.04.007","article-title":"Genomic characterization of seven distinct bat coronaviruses in Kenya","volume":"167","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1503.081013","article-title":"Detection of novel SARS-like and other coronaviruses in bats from Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Tong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3930-2","article-title":"Molecular detection of viruses in Kenyan bats and discovery of novel astroviruses, caliciviruses and rotaviruses","volume":"32","author":"Waruhiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15931.1","article-title":"FastQ Screen: A tool for multi-genome mapping and quality control","volume":"7","author":"Wingett","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giaa111","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa111","article-title":"IDseq-An open source cloud-based pipeline and analysis service for metagenomic pathogen detection and monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Kalantar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3578-9_15","article-title":"GMAP and GSNAP for Genomic Sequence Alignment: Enhancements to Speed, Accuracy, and Functionality","volume":"1418","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2, New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2, Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6622-6_17","article-title":"Detecting and Analyzing Genetic Recombination Using RDP4","volume":"1525","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-021-01567-3","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals previously undescribed bat coronavirus strains in Eswatini","volume":"18","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03079-15","article-title":"Bat severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus WIV1 encodes an extra accessory protein, ORFX, involved in modulation of the host immune response","volume":"90","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.11.8241-8246.1996","article-title":"Characterization of a novel murine leukemia virus-related subgroup within mammals","volume":"70","author":"Tristem","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01394-12","article-title":"Virome analysis for identification of novel mammalian viruses in bat species from Chinese provinces","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8014","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00723-12","article-title":"A novel bat herpesvirus encodes homologues of major histocompatibility complex classes I and II, C-type lectin, and a unique family of immune-related genes","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27409","article-title":"Better detection of Torque teno virus in children with leukemia by metagenomic sequencing than by quantitative PCR","volume":"94","author":"Leijonhufvud","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.06.005","article-title":"Evolution of selective-sequencing approaches for virus discovery and virome analysis","volume":"239","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2020). The Species Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus: Classifying 2019-NCoV and Naming It SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol., 5, 536\u2013544.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06624-11","article-title":"Discovery of retroviral homologs in bats: Implications for the origin of mammalian gammaretroviruses","volume":"86","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16561","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16561","article-title":"Bats and rodents shape mammalian retroviral phylogeny","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01941-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01941-21","article-title":"Retroviruses of bats: A threat waiting in the wings?","volume":"12","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niewiadomska, A.M., and Gifford, R.J. (2013). The extraordinary evolutionary history of the reticuloendotheliosis viruses. PloS Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001642"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.024","article-title":"Astrovirus infections in humans and animals\u2014Molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions","volume":"11","author":"Burnham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, K., Dos Reis, P.V., and Balkema-Buschmann, A. (2017). Bat Astroviruses: Towards Understanding the Transmission Dynamics of a Neglected Virus Family. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9020034"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shioda, K., Cosmas, L., Audi, A., Gregoricus, N., Vinje, J., Parashar, U.D., Montgomery, J.M., Feikin, D.R., Breiman, R.F., and Hall, A.J. (2016). Population-Based Incidence Rates of Diarrheal Disease Associated with Norovirus, Sapovirus, and Astrovirus in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145943"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amimo, J.O., Machuka, E.M., Abworo, E.O., Vlasova, A.N., and Pelle, R. (2020). Whole Genome sequence analysis of porcine astroviruses reveals novel genetically diverse strains circulating in East African smallholder pig farms. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0559.v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0278-4","article-title":"The order Herpesvirales","volume":"154","author":"Davison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.071209-0","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the shrew enteric virome reveals novel viruses related to human stool-associated viruses","volume":"96","author":"Sasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9043","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence analysis shows that Rhopalosiphum padi virus is a member of a novel group of in-sect-infecting RNA viruses","volume":"243","author":"Moon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1986428","article-title":"Viromes and surveys of RNA viruses in camel-derived ticks revealing transmission patterns of novel tick-borne viral pathogens in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-06-20-1190-RE","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of Actinidia viruses in Shaanxi province of China","volume":"105","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2018.014","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of bat guano samples revealed the presence of viruses potentially carried by insects, among others by Apis mellifera in Hungary","volume":"66","author":"Zana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02036-15","article-title":"Divergent viruses discovered in arthropods and vertebrates revise the evolutionary history of the Flaviviridae and related viruses","volume":"90","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.12.009","article-title":"Diverse RNA viruses of arthropod origin in the blood of fruit bats suggest a link between bat and arthropod viromes","volume":"528","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104367","article-title":"Novel herpesviruses in neotropical bats and their relationship with other members of the Herpesviridae family","volume":"84","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:23Z","timestamp":1760147003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/14\/12\/2820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v14122820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14122820","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]}}}