{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:56:14Z","timestamp":1791870974490,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Health Organization","award":["U5IP000812-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U5IP000812-05"]}]},{"name":"World Health Organization","award":["U51IP2021000900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U51IP2021000900"]}]},{"name":"World Health Organization","award":["72068719CA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72068719CA00001"]}]},{"name":"World Health Organization","award":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["U5IP000812-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U5IP000812-05"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["U51IP2021000900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U51IP2021000900"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["72068719CA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72068719CA00001"]}]},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U5IP000812-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U5IP000812-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U51IP2021000900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U51IP2021000900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72068719CA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72068719CA00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U5IP000812-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U5IP000812-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U51IP2021000900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U51IP2021000900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72068719CA00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72068719CA00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP190051-01-0200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three epidemic waves of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) occurred in Madagascar from March 2020 to May 2022, with a positivity rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) of 21% to 33%. Our study aimed to identify the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of seasonal respiratory viruses (RVs) in Madagascar. We used two different specimen sources (SpS). First, 2987 nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens were randomly selected from symptomatic patients between March 2020 and May 2022 who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and were tested for 14 RVs by multiplex real-time PCR. Second, 6297 NP specimens were collected between March 2020 and May 2022 from patients visiting our sentinel sites of the influenza sentinel network. The samples were tested for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2. From SpS-1, 19% (569\/2987) of samples tested positive for at least one RV. Rhinovirus (6.3%, 187\/2987) was the most frequently detected virus during the first two waves, whereas influenza predominated during the third. From SpS-2, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV accounted for 5.4%, 24.5%, and 39.4% of the detected viruses, respectively. During the study period, we observed three different RV circulation profiles. Certain viruses circulated sporadically, with increased activity in between waves of SARS-CoV-2. Other viruses continued to circulate regardless of the COVID-19 situation. Certain viruses were severely disrupted by the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings underline the importance and necessity of maintaining an integrated disease surveillance system for the surveillance and monitoring of RVs of public health interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T01:32:53Z","timestamp":1671586373000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Epidemiological Patterns of Seasonal Respiratory Viruses during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Madagascar, March 2020\u2013May 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Norosoa Harline","family":"Razanajatovo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsiry Hasina","family":"Randriambolamanantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelinotahiana Hasina","family":"Rabarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Randrianasolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miamina Fidy","family":"Ankasitrahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Veille Sanitaire, de la Surveillance Epid\u00e9miologique et Ripostes, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arv\u00e9","family":"Ratsimbazafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antso Hasina","family":"Raherinandrasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Veille Sanitaire, de la Surveillance Epid\u00e9miologique et Ripostes, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helisoa","family":"Razafimanjato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vololoniaina","family":"Raharinosy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soa Fy","family":"Andriamandimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Heraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Dussart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Lacoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Worldometers.info (2022, June 21). 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