{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:48:18Z","timestamp":1792198098264,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA international Reference Centre"},{"name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To ensure optimal prescribing practices in the dolutegravir-era in Cameroon, we compared first-line virological response (VR) under tenofovir + lamivudine + dolutegravir (TLD) according to prior exposure to tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz (TLE). A facility-based survey was conducted among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with TLD (I-TLD) versus those transitioning from TLE to TLD (T-TLD). HIV viral load was performed and unsuppressed participants (VL &gt; 1000 copies\/mL) had genotyping performed by Sanger sequencing. Of the 12,093 patients followed, 310 (mean-age: 41 \u00b1 11 years; 52.26% female) complied with study criteria (171 I-TLD vs. 139 T-TLD). The median ART-duration was 14 (12\u201317) months among I-TLDs versus 28 (24.5\u201331) months among T-TLDs (15 (11\u201319) on TLE and 14 (9\u201315) on TLD), and 83.15% (148\/178) were at WHO clinical stages I\/II. The viral suppression rate (&lt;1000 copies\/mL) was 96.45%, with 97.08% among I-TLDs versus 95.68% among T-TLDs (p = 0.55). VR was similar in I-TLD versus T-TLD at &lt;400 copies\/mL (94.15% versus 94.42%) and age, gender, residence, ART-duration, and WHO stages were not associated with VR (p &gt; 0.05). Genotyping was successful for 72.7% (8\/11), with no major mutations to integrase inhibitors found. VR is optimal under first-line TLD after 14 months, even among TLE-exposed, thus confirming the effectiveness of transitioning from TLE to TLD in similar settings, supported by strong pharmacological potency and genetic barrier of dolutegravir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1671596935000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Dolutegravir-Based Regimen Ensures High Virological Success despite Prior Exposure to Efavirenz-Based First-LINE ART in Cameroon: An Evidence of a Successful Transition Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ezechiel Ngoufack Jagni","family":"Semengue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Fokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 063, Cameroon"},{"name":"National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Ministry of Public Health, Yaound\u00e9 III P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi-Karell","family":"Etame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 11628, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evariste","family":"Molimbou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins Ambe","family":"Chenwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","family":"Takou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonella","family":"Mossiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Hospital of Yaound\u00e9, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 047, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain P.","family":"Meledie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 4856, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4187-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bouba","family":"Yagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Durand","family":"Nka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Dambaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Teto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aude Christelle","family":"Ka\u2019e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"PhD Courses in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplants (MIMIT), University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e2ce Angong","family":"Beloumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine Claire","family":"Djupsa Ndjeyep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1625-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aissatou","family":"Abba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelie Minelle Ngueko","family":"Kengni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 11628, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7186-8515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel Carlos","family":"Tommo Tchouaket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 11628, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nounouce Pamen","family":"Bouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate for Disease Epidemic and Pandemic Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaound\u00e9 III P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge-Clotaire","family":"Billong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Technical Group, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaound\u00e9 II P.O. Box 2005, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Martin","family":"Sosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Colizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 0127, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo-Federico","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Gesu\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Kouanfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 11628, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University de Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Cecile","family":"Zoung-Kanyi Bissek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon"},{"name":"Division of Operational Health Research, Ministry of Public Health, Yaound\u00e9 III P.O. Box 3038, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Eben-Moussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6228-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Mercedes","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceccherini-Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Courses in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplants (MIMIT), University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ndjolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Management and Care, Messa, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1364, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NIH-National Institute of Health (2022, May 28). Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV, Available online: https:\/\/clinicalinfo.hiv.gov\/en\/guidelines\/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-arv\/treatment-goals."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"MINSANTE (2012). Guide National De Prise En Charge Des Personnes Vivant Avec Le VIH\/SIDA-Cameroun, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"MINSANTE (2013). Plan National Multisectoriel De Lutte Contre Le Vih, Le Sida Et Les Ist (Pnm) Annee 2014\u20132017, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"MINSANTE (2014). Directives Nationales De Prevention, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"WHO (2013). Lignes Directrices Unifi\u00e9es Sur l\u2019utilisation Des Antir\u00e9troviraux Pour Le Traitement et La Pr\u00e9vention De l\u2019infection \u00e0 VIH: Recommandations Pour Une Approche De Sant\u00e9 Publique, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/101196."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Notes d\u2019orientation: Lignes Directrices Unifi\u00e9es Relatives \u00e0 L\u2019utilisation De M\u00e9dicaments Antir\u00e9troviraux Pour LE Traitement et La Pr\u00e9vention De L\u2019infection \u00e0 VIH: Derni\u00e8res Informations, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/206448."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0110","article-title":"Genotypic HIV-1 Drug Resistance among Patients Failing Tenofovir-Based First-Line HAART in South India","volume":"32","author":"Dinesha","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusine, J., Asiimwe-Kateera, B., van de Wijgert, J., Boer, K.R., Mukantwali, E., Karita, E., Gasengayire, A., Jurriaans, S., de Jong, M., and Ondoa, P. (2013). Low Primary and Secondary HIV Drug-Resistance after 12 Months of Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immune-Deficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals from Kigali, Rwanda. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064345"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Combating HIV Drug Resistance, a Little Known but Growing Threat, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Scidev (2022, May 28). L\u2019Afrique s\u2019offre Un Plan d\u2019action Contre La R\u00e9sistance Aux ARV-Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Available online: https:\/\/www.scidev.net\/afrique-sub-saharienne\/news\/afrique-plan-d-action-la-resistance-arv-20122019\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2017). HIV Drug Resistance Report 2017, Elsevier Ltd.\/Inc.\/BV."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30447-9","article-title":"Time to Get Serious with HIV-1 Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Llibre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904340","article-title":"12313 S. Dolutegravir-Based or Low-Dose Efavirenz\u2013Based Regimen for the Treatment of HIV-1","volume":"381","author":"Charles","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (2018). Updated Recommendations on First-Line and Second-Line Antiretroviral Regimens and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Recommendations on Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV-Interim Guidance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0725","article-title":"Might Dolutegravir Be Part of a Functional Cure for HIV?","volume":"62","author":"Wainberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30710-2","article-title":"De Personal View Curbing the Rise of HIV Drug Resistance in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Dolutegravir-Containing Regimens","volume":"19","author":"Inzaule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoria, M., Hill, A., Ford, N., Doherty, M., Clayden, P., Venter, F., Ripin, D., Flexner, C., and Domanico, P.L. (2018). The Transition to Dolutegravir and Other New Antiretrovirals in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: What Are the Issues?, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001845"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating And Preventing HIV Infection, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-014-0029-7","article-title":"Dolutegravir, the Second-Generation of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) for the Treatment of HIV","volume":"3","author":"Dow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622314530461","article-title":"Dolutegravir: Clinical Efficacy and Role in HIV Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Fantauzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30400-X","article-title":"Updated Assessment of Risks and Benefits of Dolutegravir versus Efavirenz in New Antiretroviral Treatment Initiators in Sub-Saharan Africa: Modelling to Inform Treatment Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Republic of Cameroon, Ministry of Public Health, and CIRCB (2021, February 15). New HIV Guidelines and Strategies against Drug Resistance. (November 22, 2019). Available online: http:\/\/www.circb.cm\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000389","article-title":"The ADVANCE Study: A Groundbreaking Trial to Evaluate a Candidate Universal Antiretroviral Regimen","volume":"12","author":"Venter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, C.L., Turkova, A., Mujuru, H., Kekitiinwa, A., Lugemwa, A., Kityo, C.M., Barlow-Mosha, L.N., Cressey, T.R., Violari, A., and Variava, E. (2021). ODYSSEY Clinical Trial Design: A Randomised Global Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Positive Children, with Nested Pharmacokinetic Sub-Studies to Evaluate Pragmatic WHO-Weight-Band Based Doluteg. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05672-6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2018-0208","article-title":"Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"14","author":"Inzaule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30152-2","article-title":"Dolutegravir as Maintenance Monotherapy for HIV (DOMONO): A Phase 2, Randomised Non-Inferiority Trial","volume":"4","author":"Wijting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, July 15). Centre International de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Chantal Biya (CIRCB). Available online: http:\/\/www.circb.cm\/btc_circb\/web\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Abbott (2022, May 20). Infectious Disease Products. Available online: www.abbottmolecular.com\/products\/infectious-diseases\/realtime-pcr\/hiv-1-assay."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokam, J., Ngoufack Jagni Semengue, E., Armenia, D., Takou, D., Dambaya, B., Teto, G., Chenwi, C.A., Nka, A.D., Beloumou, G.A., and Ndjeyep, S.C.D. (2022). High Performance of Integrase Genotyping on Diverse HIV-1 Clades Circulating in Cameroon: Toward a Successful Transition to Dolutegravir-Based Regimens in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115574"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, October 13). Los Alamos National Repository, Available online: http:\/\/www.hiv.lanl.gov."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"ONUSIDA (2022, April 13). Fiche d\u2019information\u2014Derni\u00e8res Statistiques Sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de Sida. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/fr\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, July 16). Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u2014Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"NACC (2021). N.A.C.C. Rapport Annuel Des Activit\u00e9s De Lutte Contre Le VIH & Le SIDA 2021, National AIDS Control Committe."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.193789","article-title":"Management of HIV-Infected Children in Africa: Progress and Challenges","volume":"96","author":"Bland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billong, S.C., Fokam, J., Aghokeng, A.F., Milenge, P., Kembou, E., Abessouguie, I., Meva, F.B., Bissek, A.C.Z.-K., Meva\u2019a-Onglene, F.B., and Bissek, A.C.Z.-K. (2013). Population-Based Monitoring of Emerging HIV-1 Drug B Resistance on Antiretroviral Therapy and Associated Factors in a Sentinel Site in Cameroon: Low Levels of Resistance but Poor Programmatic Performance Serge. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072680"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokam, J., Nangmo, A., Wandum, C., Takou, D., Santoro, M.M., Nlend, A.E.N., Ateba, F.N., Ndombo, P.K., Kamgaing, N., and Kamta, C. (2020). Programme Quality Indicators of HIV Drug Resistance among Adolescents in Urban versus Rural Settings of the Centre Region of Cameroon. AIDS Res. Ther., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00270-7"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"MINSANTE (2018). Cameroon-Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et De Sant\u00e9 2018, Institut National De La Statistique. Available online: https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3717."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1169.2837.2377","article-title":"Vulnerabilidade de Mulheres Vivendo Com HIV\/Aids","volume":"22","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, July 01). Women and Girls Still Vulnerable to HIV Due to Gender Inequality: UNAIDS. UN News. Available online: https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2020\/03\/1058751."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Aidsmap (2022, July 01). Study Finds That Women Are Much More Vulnerable to HIV Infection during Pregnancy and in the Months after Giving Birth. Available online: https:\/\/www.aidsmap.com\/news\/mar-2018\/study-finds-women-are-much-more-vulnerable-hiv-infection-during-pregnancy-and-months."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30236-X","article-title":"Optimising Treatment in the Test-and-Treat Strategy: What Are We Waiting For?","volume":"6","author":"Phanuphak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L., Li, C., Chen, P., Luo, X., Zheng, X., Zhou, L., Zhou, Y., Xia, J., and Hong, Z. (2022). Dolutegravir plus Lamivudine versus Efavirenz plus Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Lamivudine in Antiretroviral-Naive Adults with HIV-1 Infection. BMC Infect. Dis., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06991-y"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabitaka, V.M., Nawaggi, P., Campbell, J., Conroy, J., Harwell, J., Magambo, K., Middlecote, C., Caldwell, B., Katureebe, C., and Namuwenge, N. (2020). High Acceptability and Viral Suppression of Patients on Dolutegravir-Based First-Line Regimens in Pilot Sites in Uganda: A Mixed-Methods Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232419"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S316776","article-title":"Virological Suppression and Its Associated Factors of Dolutegravir Based Regimen in a Resource-Limited Setting: An Observational Retrospective Study in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Mehari","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagami, E.H., Thakarar, K., and Sax, P.E. (2022). Sustained HIV Viral Suppression with Dolutegravir, Tenofovir, and Emtricitabine as Initial Therapy Despite High-Level Transmitted Multiclass Resistance. Open Forum Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab648"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00136-9","article-title":"Viral Suppression and HIV-1 Drug Resistance 1 Year after Pragmatic Transitioning to Dolutegravir First-Line Therapy in Malawi: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Schramm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.018","article-title":"Dolutegravir Response in Antiretroviral Therapy Na\u00efve and Experienced Patients with M184V\/I: Impact in Low-and Middle-Income Settings","volume":"105","author":"Ndashimye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2217\/14750708.2.1.131","article-title":"HIV-1 Virulence, Fitness and Replication Capacity","volume":"2","author":"Daar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Therapy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokam, J., Elat, J.-B.N., Billong, S.C., Kembou, E., Nkwescheu, A.S., Obam, N.M., Essiane, A., Torimiro, J.N., Ekanmian, G.K., and Ndjolo, A. (2015). Monitoring HIV Drug Resistance Early Warning Indicators in Cameroon: A Study Following the Revised World Health Organization Recommendations. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129210"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25660","article-title":"The Promise of Paediatric Dolutegravir","volume":"24","author":"Golin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab004","article-title":"Baseline Integrase Drug Resistance Mutations and Conserved Regions across HIV-1 Clades in Cameroon: Implications for Transition to Dolutegravir in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"76","author":"Semengue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-0982-3","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of an In-House Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Protease-Reverse Transcriptase Genotyping Assay in Cameroon","volume":"156","author":"Fokam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokam, J., Santoro, M.M., Takou, D., Njom-Nlend, A.E., Ndombo, P.K., Kamgaing, N., Kamta, C., Essiane, A., Sosso, S.M., and Ndjolo, A. (2019). Evaluation of Treatment Response, Drug Resistance and HIV-1 Variability among Adolescents on First- And Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy: A Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study in the Centre Region of Cameroon (EDCTP READY-Study). BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1599-z"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, M.M., and Perno, C.F. (2013). HIV-1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications. Int. Sch. Res. Not., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/481314"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Mphahlele, M.K. (2015). In Vitro Selection and Characterisation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Subtype C Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistant Mutants. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwater]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa383","article-title":"Prevalence of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistance Mutations in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Cameroon","volume":"76","author":"Wenk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokam, J., Takou, D., Semengue, E.N.J., Teto, G., Beloumou, G., Dambaya, B., Santoro, M.M., Mossiang, L., Billong, S.C., and Cham, F. (2020). First Case of Dolutegravir and Darunavir\/r Multi Drug-Resistant HIV-1 in Cameroon Following Exposure to Raltegravir: Lessons and Implications in the Era of Transition to Dolutegravir-Based Regimens. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00799-2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeiza, M.A., Kekulah, I., Wachekwa, I., and Ogbuagu, O. (2022). Dolutegravir Hypersensitivity Reaction: The Need for Strengthening Pharmacovigilance Systems with Optimization of Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Programs in Resource-Limited Settings: Case Report. PAMJ Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-cm.2022.8.47.33930"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"PEPFAR (2018). Considerations for the Introduction of TLD in National Programs: PEPFAR Guidance on Developing Clinical and Programmatic Recommendations December 2018, PEPFAR."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Mulenga, L. (2019, January 30\u201331). Introduction, Roll out and Pharmacovigilance of Dolutegravir in the Zambia National HIV Program. Proceedings of the 3rd IeDEAAll Africa Meeting 2019, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:08Z","timestamp":1760147108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v15010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]}}}