{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:40:16Z","timestamp":1790800816311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department of Human Health services","award":["IDSEP140020-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP140020-01-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to emerging coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), there are seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs): HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. With a wide distribution around the world, HCoVs are usually associated with mild respiratory disease. In the elderly, young children and immunocompromised patients, more severe or even fatal respiratory infections may be observed. In Africa, data on seasonal HCoV are scarce. This retrospective study investigated the epidemiology and genetic diversity of seasonal HCoVs during nine consecutive years of influenza-like illness surveillance in Senegal. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from ILI outpatients or from SARI hospitalized patients. HCoVs were diagnosed by qRT-PCR and the positive samples were selected for molecular characterization. Among 9337 samples tested for HCoV, 406 (4.3%) were positive: 235 (57.9%) OC43, 102 (25.1%) NL63, 58 (14.3%) 229E and 17 (4.2%) HKU1. The four types circulated during the study period and a peak was noted between November and January. Children under five were the most affected. Co-infections were observed between HCoV types (1.2%) or with other viruses (76.1%). Genetically, HCoVs types showed diversity. The results highlighted that the impact of HCoVs must be taken into account in public health; monitoring them is therefore particularly necessary both in the most sensitive populations and in animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1671596935000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Epidemiology of Non-SARS-CoV2 Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) in People Presenting with Influenza-like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) in Senegal from 2012 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modeste Name","family":"Faye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Aliou","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Malado","family":"Jallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serigne Fallou","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Sciences Agricoles et de l\u2019Alimentation (ES2A), Universit\u00e9 Amadou Makhtar MBOW de Dakar (UAM), Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Pedapa","family":"Mendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amary","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy Evrard","family":"Kiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndiende Koba","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Goudiaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arfang","family":"Diamanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbayame Ndiaye","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndongo","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","article-title":"Neuroinvasion by Human Respiratory Coronaviruses","volume":"74","author":"Arbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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