{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:51:27Z","timestamp":1762325487043,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agriculture Development Fund (ADF), Ministry of Saskatchewan Agriculture"},{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics (V&amp;I) Scholarship from the School of Public Health, the University of Saskatchewan"},{"name":"Government of Saskatchewan through Innovation Saskatchewan and the Ministry of Agriculture"},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation through the Major Science Initiatives"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can cause a highly contagious respiratory disease for many mammalian species. In pigs, IAVs cause high morbidity and low mortality disease in susceptible populations that can have significant financial and production impacts. They can also present opportunities for mutations and gene reassortment, producing influenza strains with pandemic potential. Therefore, it is very important to prevent and control influenza infection in pigs, and the chief way to do so is through vaccination. The subtypes of IAV most prevalent in swine across the world are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2; however, genetic diversity of these viruses can vary greatly by region. We previously developed an elastase-dependent bivalent live attenuated vaccine using two Canadian swine influenza A virus (swIAV) isolates, A\/Swine\/Alberta\/SD0191\/2016 (H1N2) [SD191] and A\/Swine\/Saskatchewan\/SD0069\/2015 (H3N2) [SD69], which provided protection against homologous strains. In this study, we demonstrate that this vaccine extends protection in pigs to more current, drifted non-homologous H1N2 and H3N2 strains, A\/Swine\/MB\/SD0467\/2019 (H1N2) [SD467] and A\/Swine\/AB\/SD0435\/2019 (H3N2) [SD435]. The vaccine elicited a robust immune response in the serum and the lung and reduced viral replication as well as lung pathology associated with these strains. Therefore, this bivalent vaccine remains a strong candidate that would be beneficial to the swine influenza vaccine market in North America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:58:01Z","timestamp":1672117081000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Bivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine Protects against Drifted H1N2 and H3N2 Clinical Isolates in Swine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8837-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Aubrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulises","family":"Barron-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Detmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4706-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Influenza virus: Transmission between species and relevance to emergence of the next human pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Webster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. 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