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Wyeth strain of vaccinia virus (VACV) produced by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals was supposedly used to manufacture the old freeze-dried American smallpox vaccine, Dryvax, until its discontinuation in 2008. Although the genomic sequences of numerous Dryvax clones have been reported, data on VACV-Wyeth genomes are still lacking. Genomic analysis of old VACV strains is relevant to understand the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccines, particularly with the recent resumption of smallpox vaccination in certain population groups as an attempt to control the worldwide monkeypox outbreak. Here we analyzed the complete genome sequences of three VACV-Wyeth clonal isolates obtained from a single seed vial donated to the Brazilian eradication program in the 1970s. Wyeth clones show &gt;99.3% similarity to each other and &gt;95.3% similarity with Dryvax clones, mapping together in clade I of the vaccinia group. Although the patterns of SNPs and INDELs comparing Dryvax and Wyeth clones are overall uniform, important differences were detected particularly at the ends of the genome. In addition, we detected recombinant events of clone Wyeth A111 and the Dryvax clone Acam2000, suggesting that other regions of the genomes may have similar patchy patterns of recombination. A small-scale serological survey using VACV-Wyeth as antigen in ELISA assays revealed that 63 of the 65 individuals born before the end of smallpox vaccination in Brazil still have anti-VACV IgG antibodies, demonstrating the usefulness of the VACV-Wyeth strain in future extended serological studies of the Brazilian population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1672216942000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genomic Characterization of the Historical Smallpox Vaccine Strain Wyeth Isolated from a 1971 Seed Vial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e1dia Vaez G.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia do Ex\u00e9rcito, Rio de Janeiro 20911-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Nobrega","family":"Luques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4746-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terezinha Marta Pereira P.","family":"Casti\u00f1eiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Enfrentamento e Estudo de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Costa Ferreira Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina Helena S.","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24220-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9044-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana J. da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa R.","family":"Damaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., and Ladnyi, I.D. (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.06.006","article-title":"Vaccinia virus vaccines: Past, present and future","volume":"84","author":"Jacobs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kretzschmar, M., Wallinga, J., Teunis, P., Xing, S., and Mikolajczyk, R. (2006). Frequency of adverse events after vaccination with different vaccinia strains. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030429"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kroker, K., Kealan, J., and Mazumdar, P.M. (2008). Canadian vaccine research, production and international regulation: Connaught Laboratories and Smallpox Vaccines,1962\u20131980. Crafting Immunity: Working Histories of Clinical Immunology, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, October 28). 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PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007082"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404353","article-title":"A Canada-Brazil network in the global eradication of smallpox","volume":"101","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702010000300012","article-title":"Smallpox eradication, laboratory visits, and a touch of tourism: Travel notes of a Canadian scientist in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hist\u00f3ria Ci\u00eancias Sa\u00fade Manguinhos"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02797-14","article-title":"Evolution of and evolutionary relationships between extant vaccinia virus strains","volume":"89","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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