{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:13:26Z","timestamp":1768094006057,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, postinfectious manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the pediatric population. The disease is manifested by hyperinflammation and can result in cardiac dysfunction, coronary changes, and end-organ damage. Adequate timely treatment can prevent poor outcomes in the short term, but long-term data is lacking. Methods: A large single center MIS-C cohort was followed longitudinally after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) \u00b1 glucocorticoids to determine the natural history of the disease and to describe improvement in laboratory markers and cardiac outcomes. Patient were stratified by disease severity and compared. Results: 137 patients were identified with demographics similar to previously described cohorts. Regardless of disease severity, when adequately treated, initial lab abnormalities rapidly improved by the 6\u20138 month follow-up period, with some resolved in as little as 1\u20132 weeks. Similarly, cardiac abnormalities improved quickly after treatment; all abnormalities resolved in this cohort by 1\u20132 months post-hospitalization. Conclusions: Although MIS-C is a serious sequela of COVID-19, when identified quickly and treated aggressively, laboratory abnormalities, coronary dilatation, and systolic dysfunction rapidly improve with minimal long-term morbidity or mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T05:15:53Z","timestamp":1672377353000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Timely Resolution of SARS-CoV-2-Related Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Reiff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2661-3086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randy Q.","family":"Cron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s of Alabama, Division of Rheumatology, 1600 7th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-022-01056-8","article-title":"Who Would Have Predicted Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children?","volume":"24","author":"Reiff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, November 11). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mis\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00511-7","article-title":"Defining Kawasaki disease and pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome-temporally associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection during SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy: Results from a national, multicenter survey","volume":"19","author":"Cattalini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2091","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared with Severe Acute COVID-19","volume":"325","author":"Feldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42062","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 3","volume":"74","author":"Henderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0694","article-title":"Association of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Plus Methylprednisolone vs Immunoglobulins Alone with Course of Fever in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children","volume":"325","author":"Ouldali","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050065","article-title":"Acute Cardiovascular Manifestations in 286 Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 Infection in Europe","volume":"143","author":"Valverde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021428","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021428","article-title":"Skewed Cytokine Responses Rather Than the Magnitude of the Cytokine Storm May Drive Cardiac Dysfunction in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e574","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00139-9","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, Kawasaki disease, and macrophage activation syndrome: A cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Verweyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021051155","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051155","article-title":"Longitudinal Outcomes for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children","volume":"148","author":"Farooqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00138-3","article-title":"6-month multidisciplinary follow-up and outcomes of patients with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS-TS) at a UK tertiary paediatric hospital: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Penner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","article-title":"Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"395","author":"Riphagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"100764","article-title":"Cardiac abnormalities due to multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with Covid-19 among children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sakhaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.044","article-title":"Characteristics, cardiac involvement, and outcomes of multisystem infammatory syndrome of childhood associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Infection","volume":"224","author":"Capone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27870","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Follow-Up of Children After Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 with Initial Cardiac Involvement","volume":"55","author":"Bartoszek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reason. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/94\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:08Z","timestamp":1760147708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v15010094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15010094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}}}