{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:08:34Z","timestamp":1790665714539,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","award":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CAPES (Brazil)","award":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES AUXPE 686\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genome integrity is critical for proper cell functioning, and chromosome instability can lead to age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Chromosome instability is caused by multiple factors, including replication stress, chromosome missegregation, exposure to pollutants, and viral infections. Although many studies have investigated the effects of environmental or lifestyle genotoxins on chromosomal integrity, information on the effects of viral infections on micronucleus formation and other chromosomal aberrations is still limited. Currently, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease treatable by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, HIV-infected individuals still face important health problems, such as chronic inflammation and age-related diseases. In this context, this article reviews studies that have evaluated genomic instability using micronucleus assays in the context of HIV infection. In brief, HIV can induce chromosome instability directly through the interaction of HIV proteins with host DNA and indirectly through chronic inflammation or as a result of ART use. Connections between HIV infection, immunosenescence and age-related disease are discussed in this article. The monitoring of HIV-infected individuals should consider the increased risk of chromosome instability, and lifestyle interventions, such as reduced exposure to genotoxins and an antioxidant-rich diet, should be considered. Therapies to reduce chronic inflammation in HIV infection are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1672810304000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["HIV Infection, Chromosome Instability, and Micronucleus Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1040-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Henrique","family":"Ellwanger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4959-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Kulmann-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ziliotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7025-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Artur Bogo","family":"Chies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03307-7","article-title":"The central role of DNA damage in the ageing process","volume":"592","author":"Schumacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62852","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62852","article-title":"DNA damage-how and why we age?","volume":"10","author":"Yousefzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.11.001","article-title":"Environmental and occupational biomonitoring using the Comet assay","volume":"681","author":"Valverde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. 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