{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1791346676749,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 20K09824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20K09824"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FC0201"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21fk0108124j"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21fk0108124j"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JPMJFS2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFS2109"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan","award":["JP 20K09824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20K09824"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan","award":["22FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FC0201"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan","award":["JP21fk0108124j"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21fk0108124j"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan","award":["JPMJFS2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFS2109"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 20K09824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20K09824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21fk0108124j"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21fk0108124j"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFS2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFS2109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"MEXT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 20K09824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20K09824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"MEXT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"MEXT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21fk0108124j"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21fk0108124j"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"MEXT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFS2109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFS2109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known regarding anterior uveitis (AU), the most common ocular disease associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompetent populations. CMV AU is highly prevalent in Asia, with a higher incidence in men. Clinically, it manifests mainly as anterior chamber inflammation and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Acute CMV AU may resemble Posner\u2013Schlossman syndrome with its recurrent hypertensive iritis, while chronic CMV AU may resemble Fuchs uveitis because of its elevated IOP. Without prompt treatment, it may progress to glaucoma; therefore, early diagnosis is critical to prognosis. Knowledge regarding clinical features and aqueous humor analyses can facilitate accurate diagnoses; so, we compared and summarized these aspects. Early antiviral treatment reduces the risk of a glaucoma surgery requirement, and therapeutic effects vary based on drug delivery. Both oral valganciclovir and topical ganciclovir can produce positive clinical outcomes, and higher concentration and frequency are beneficial in chronic CMV retinitis. An extended antiviral course could prevent relapses, but should be limited to 6 months to prevent drug resistance and side effects. In this review, we have systematically summarized the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, and immunological mechanisms of CMV AU with the goal of providing a theoretical foundation for early clinical diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:42:17Z","timestamp":1673239337000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Immunological Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3124-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koju","family":"Kamoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ohno-Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2034","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034","article-title":"Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zuhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30143-3","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: Consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"17","author":"Rawlinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliesi, F., Coscia, A., Griffante, G., Galitska, G., Pasquero, S., Albano, C., and Biolatti, M. (2020). Where do we Stand after Decades of Studying Human Cytomegalovirus?. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050685"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro, M., Yadavalli, T., Fonteh, C., Arfeen, S., and Lobo-Chan, A.M. (2019). Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010055"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.327","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and the eye","volume":"26","author":"Carmichael","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086546","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus iridocyclitis without retinal necrosis","volume":"90","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1394471","article-title":"Clinical Features of CMV-Associated Anterior Uveitis","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.12.015","article-title":"Clinical features of cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients","volume":"145","author":"Chee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.001","article-title":"Presumed fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis and Posner-Schlossman syndrome: Comparison of cytomegalovirus-positive and negative eyes","volume":"146","author":"Chee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4111-9","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of real-time PCR for ocular cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"256","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-014-0340-6","article-title":"Comparison of the ocular characteristics of anterior uveitis caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus","volume":"58","author":"Takase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.021","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis: Clinical Characteristics and Long-term Outcomes in a French Series","volume":"194","author":"Touhami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1195-2","article-title":"Intravitreal loading injection of ganciclovir with or without adjunctive oral valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis","volume":"248","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.363","article-title":"Viral causes of unexplained anterior uveitis in Thailand","volume":"26","author":"Kongyai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.12.006","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis and endotheliitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Putera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.950384","article-title":"Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus Uveitis in Immunocompetent Patients","volume":"23","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.057","article-title":"Corneal endotheliitis associated with evidence of cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"114","author":"Chee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.09.035","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus as a cause of anterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients","volume":"114","author":"Los","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2782-4","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis: Long-term follow-up of immunocompetent patients","volume":"252","author":"Accorinti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00551-6","article-title":"Is Posner Schlossman syndrome benign?","volume":"108","author":"Jap","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1510-y","article-title":"The validity of clinical feature profiles for cytomegaloviral anterior segment infection","volume":"249","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13417","article-title":"Demystifying viral anterior uveitis: A review","volume":"47","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.12968\/bjsn.2014.9.6.284","article-title":"Rubella: An overview of the symptoms and complications","volume":"9","author":"Watkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sch. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090240021012","article-title":"Differentiating zosteriform herpes simplex from ophthalmic zoster","volume":"112","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00115-9","article-title":"Anterior uveitis with sectoral iris atrophy in the absence of keratitis: A distinct clinical entity among herpetic eye diseases","volume":"107","author":"Ooijman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1468470","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Viral-Induced Anterior Uveitis","volume":"26","author":"Relvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-010-9394-8","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of herpetic anterior uveitis: A retrospective study of 111 cases","volume":"30","author":"Altinkurt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.033","article-title":"Comparison of rubella virus- and herpes virus-associated anterior uveitis: Clinical manifestations and visual prognosis","volume":"118","author":"Wensing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.W., Chang, E.C., Lee, C.Y., Lee, S.H., Liang, I.C., Chen, Y.C., and Hou, Y.C. (2022). Effectiveness of Topical Ganciclovir 2% Monotherapy Versus Combined Steroid Therapy in Cytomegalovirus Endotheliitis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195811"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2016.1142572","article-title":"Bilateral Herpes Simplex Uveitis: Review of the Literature and Own Reports","volume":"25","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Iris Depigmentation in the Prediction of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis","volume":"30","author":"Kam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S60394","article-title":"Current aspects on the management of viral uveitis in immunocompetent individuals","volume":"9","author":"Pleyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1411952","article-title":"Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis in Two European Referral Centers","volume":"26","author":"Relvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-016-0474-9","article-title":"A new era of uveitis: Impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases","volume":"61","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0268-2","article-title":"Relationship between the number of cytomegalovirus in anterior chamber and severity of anterior segment inflammation","volume":"57","author":"Kandori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01994-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: A review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"42","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollanke, B., Gerhards, H., and Ackermann, K. (2022). Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020387"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2287-6","article-title":"Searching for viral antibodies and genome in intraocular fluids of patients with Fuchs uveitis and non-infectious uveitis","volume":"251","author":"Cimino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940818","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.940818","article-title":"Clinical Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Secondary Glaucoma in Patients With Cytomegalovirus-Induced Corneal Endotheliitis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609053351007","article-title":"Ganciclovir","volume":"335","author":"Crumpacker","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.167767","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis: Outcome of treatment","volume":"94","author":"Chee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2535-9","article-title":"Long-term oral therapy with valganciclovir in patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome","volume":"252","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.3.214","article-title":"High dose intravitreal ganciclovir injection provides a prolonged therapeutic intraocular concentration","volume":"80","author":"Morlet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01125-5","article-title":"Clinical features of anterior uveitis caused by three different herpes viruses","volume":"39","author":"Sakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waduthantri, S., Zhou, L., and Chee, S.P. (2018). Intra-cameral level of ganciclovir gel, 0.15% following topical application for cytomegalovirus anterior segment infection: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191850"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033175","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033175","article-title":"A double masked randomised 4-week, placebo-controlled study in the USA, Thailand and Taiwan to compare the efficacy of oral valganciclovir and topical 2% ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis: Study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Takhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.024","article-title":"Ganciclovir gel for cytomegalovirus keratouveitis","volume":"119","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0138","article-title":"Topical Ganciclovir in Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis","volume":"33","author":"Antoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317044","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral valganciclovir in cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis with uncontrolled intraocular pressure","volume":"105","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002251","article-title":"Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis at a North American Tertiary Center With Oral Valganciclovir","volume":"39","author":"Bhoopat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2787_21","article-title":"Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India","volume":"70","author":"Markan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy004","article-title":"The human cytomegalovirus terminase complex as an antiviral target: A close-up view","volume":"42","author":"Ligat","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1662062","article-title":"Letermovir for the Management of Cytomegalovirus-associated Uveitis","volume":"29","author":"Tsui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00922-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00922-18","article-title":"New Locus of Drug Resistance in the Human Cytomegalovirus UL56 Gene Revealed by In Vitro Exposure to Letermovir and Ganciclovir","volume":"62","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001097","article-title":"CMV Immunoglobulins for the Treatment of CMV Infections in Thoracic Transplant Recipients","volume":"100","author":"Schulz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310214","article-title":"A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus","volume":"370","author":"Revello","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043337","article-title":"Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"353","author":"Nigro","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091210","article-title":"Antibody treatment promotes compensation for human cytomegalovirus-induced pathogenesis and a hypoxia-like condition in placentas with congenital infection","volume":"177","author":"Maidji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis423","article-title":"Early primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: Maternal hyperimmunoglobulin therapy improves outcomes among infants at 1 year of age","volume":"55","author":"Visentin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19164","article-title":"Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus after primary maternal infection in the first trimester by biweekly hyperimmunoglobulin administration","volume":"53","author":"Kagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-4280-2-6","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-induced immunopathology and its clinical consequences","volume":"2","author":"Varani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Herpesviridae"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.8","article-title":"The immune response to human CMV","volume":"7","author":"Diamond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000030141.41726.52","article-title":"Dominance of virus-specific CD8 T cells in human primary cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"13","author":"Sester","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00202","article-title":"The CD4+ T Cell Response to Human Cytomegalovirus in Healthy and Immunocompromised People","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00019","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection?","volume":"8","author":"Juno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707830","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707830","article-title":"In-Depth Profiling of T-Cell Responsiveness to Commonly Recognized CMV Antigens in Older People Reveals Important Sex Differences","volume":"12","author":"Reus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668885","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668885","article-title":"Stochastic Episodes of Latent Cytomegalovirus Transcription Drive CD8 T-Cell \u201cMemory Inflation\u201d and Avoid Immune Evasion","volume":"12","author":"Griessl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.75","article-title":"The immunology of human cytomegalovirus latency: Could latent infection be cleared by novel immunotherapeutic strategies?","volume":"12","author":"Wills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.11.014","article-title":"Incidence of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"153","author":"Sugar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657945","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657945","article-title":"Latent Cytomegalovirus-Driven Recruitment of Activated CD4+ T Cells Promotes Virus Reactivation","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00829-y","article-title":"Comparable anti-CMV responses of transplant donor and third-party CMV-specific T cells for treatment of CMV infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657144","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.657144","article-title":"Is It Feasible to Use CMV-Specific T-Cell Adoptive Transfer as Treatment Against Infection in SOT Recipients?","volume":"12","author":"Nuevalos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1900876","article-title":"A Simplified CMV-specific T Cell Transfer Targeting Drug-resistant CMV Retinitis","volume":"30","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, V., Andoniou, C.E., Schuster, I.S., Oszmiana, A., Ong, M.L., Fleming, P., Forrester, J.V., and Degli-Esposti, M.A. (2018). Cytomegalovirus establishes a latent reservoir and triggers long-lasting inflammation in the eye. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007040"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:07Z","timestamp":1760119447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/1\/185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v15010185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15010185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}