{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:52:47Z","timestamp":1788562367979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["01KI2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than 40 human cases of severe encephalitis caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) have been reported to German health authorities. In an endemic region in southern Germany, we conducted the seroepidemiological BoSOT study (\u201cBoDV-1 after solid-organ transplantation\u201d) to assess whether there are undetected oligo- or asymptomatic courses of infection. A total of 216 healthy blood donors and 280 outpatients after solid organ transplantation were screened by a recombinant BoDV-1 ELISA followed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA) as confirmatory test. For comparison, 288 serum and 258 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples with a request for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) diagnostics were analyzed for BoDV-1 infections. ELISA screening reactivity rates ranged from 3.5% to 18.6% depending on the cohort and the used ELISA antigen, but only one sample of a patient from the cohort with requested TBE diagnostics was confirmed to be positive for anti-BoDV-1-IgG by iIFA. In addition, the corresponding CSF sample of this patient with a three-week history of severe neurological disease tested positive for BoDV-1 RNA. Due to the iIFA results, all other results were interpreted as false-reactive in the ELISA screening. By linear serological epitope mapping, cross-reactions with human and bacterial proteins were identified as possible underlying mechanism for the false-reactive ELISA screening results. In conclusion, no oligo- or asymptomatic infections were detected in the studied cohorts. Serological tests based on a single recombinant BoDV-1 antigen should be interpreted with caution, and an iIFA should always be performed in addition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1673246307000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Human Infections with Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1) Primarily Lead to Severe Encephalitis: Further Evidence from the Seroepidemiological BoSOT Study in an Endemic Region in Southern Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2371-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bauswein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Eidenschink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertrud","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3220-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klemens","family":"Angstwurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saida","family":"Zoubaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus J","family":"Riemenschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt M J","family":"Lampl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Pregler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Helmut","family":"Niller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Jantsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Huppertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Drasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Ehrl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2076-2195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Banas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Offner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam C.","family":"Banas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415627","article-title":"A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis","volume":"373","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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