{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:12:43Z","timestamp":1792033963234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["JP22wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP22wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP22wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most pressing and consequential problems in infectious disease research is to better understand the potential of viruses to cause a pandemic, or, in simple terms, determine which virus will cause the next pandemic. We here define pandemics as WHO-declared pandemics, or disease outbreaks commonly referred to as pandemics that predate the WHO pandemic framework. Despite extensive research in the field of infectious diseases in recent decades, all pandemics have found us unprepared, with enormous losses of human lives, tremendous costs for public health, and vast and potentially long-lasting economic losses. Here, we discuss viruses that may cause a pandemic in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T02:06:03Z","timestamp":1673402763000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Which Virus Will Cause the Next Pandemic?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1651","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus hemagglutinin gene","volume":"96","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. 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