{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:35:46Z","timestamp":1791524146642,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22fk0310503j0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22fk0310503j0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22fk0310513j0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22fk0310513j0701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22fk0310507j0901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22fk0310507j0901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination has been confirmed to be the safest and, sometimes, the only tool of defense against threats from infectious diseases. The successful history of vaccination is evident in the control of serious viral infections, such as smallpox and polio. Viruses that infect human livers are known as hepatitis viruses and are classified into five major types from A to E, alphabetically. Although infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is known to be self-resolving after rest and symptomatic treatment, there were 7134 deaths from HAV worldwide in 2016. In 2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulted in an estimated 820,000 and 290,000 deaths, respectively. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that depends on HBV for producing its infectious particles in order to spread. The combination of HDV and HBV infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another orally transmitted virus, common in low- and middle-income countries. In 2015, it caused 44,000 deaths worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are already available to prevent hepatitis A and B. Here, we review the recent advances in protective vaccines against the five major hepatitis viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1673575552000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Recent Advances in Protective Vaccines against Hepatitis Viruses: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Elbahrawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Atalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8490-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Alboraie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alwassief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 50, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Madian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"El Fayoumie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf A.","family":"Tabll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt"},{"name":"Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo 11517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein H.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12916","article-title":"Current situation of viral hepatitis in Egypt","volume":"65","author":"Elbahrawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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