{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1787756162860,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","award":["21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21HA2003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","award":["JP18K10036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K10036"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21HA2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21HA2003"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP18K10036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K10036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and spread of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses are of great concern. To minimize the public health risk, it is important to monitor antiviral susceptibilities of influenza viruses. Analyses of the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza A and B viruses have been conducted globally; however, those of influenza C and D viruses are limited. Here, we determined the susceptibilities of influenza C viruses representing all six lineages (C\/Taylor, C\/Yamagata, C\/Sao Paulo, C\/Aichi, C\/Kanagawa, and C\/Mississippi) and influenza D viruses representing four lineages (D\/OK, D\/660, D\/Yama2016, and D\/Yama2019) to RNA polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir and favipiravir) by using a focus reduction assay. All viruses tested were susceptible to both drugs. We then performed a genetic analysis to check for amino acid substitutions associated with baloxavir and favipiravir resistance and found that none of the viruses tested possessed these substitutions. Use of the focus reduction assay with the genotypic assay has proven valuable for monitoring the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza C and D viruses as well as influenza A and B viruses. Antiviral susceptibility monitoring of all influenza virus types should continue in order to assess the public health risks posed by these viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:10:34Z","timestamp":1673838634000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antiviral Susceptibilities of Distinct Lineages of Influenza C and D Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9064-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Takashita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0274-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiichiro","family":"Fujisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiho","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misa","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Mizuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Horimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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