{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:24:20Z","timestamp":1790940260435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013699","name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Schulstandort-Monitoring"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Schulstandort-Monitoring"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the start of the 2019 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has proven to be a valuable tool for monitoring the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. With methods and infrastructure being settled, it is time to expand the potential of this tool to a wider range of pathogens. We used over 500 archived RNA extracts from a WBE program for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to monitor wastewater from 11 treatment plants for the presence of influenza and norovirus twice a week during the winter season of 2021\/2022. Extracts were analyzed via digital PCR for influenza A, influenza B, norovirus GI, and norovirus GII. Resulting viral loads were normalized on the basis of NH4-N. Our results show a good applicability of ammonia-normalization to compare different wastewater treatment plants. Extracts originally prepared for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance contained sufficient genomic material to monitor influenza A, norovirus GI, and GII. Viral loads of influenza A and norovirus GII in wastewater correlated with numbers from infected inpatients. Further, SARS-CoV-2 related non-pharmaceutical interventions affected subsequent changes in viral loads of both pathogens. In conclusion, the expansion of existing WBE surveillance programs to include additional pathogens besides SARS-CoV-2 offers a valuable and cost-efficient possibility to gain public health information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:36:55Z","timestamp":1673933815000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Expanding the Pathogen Panel in Wastewater Epidemiology to Influenza and Norovirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0195-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Markt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Social Work, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Stillebacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"N\u00e4gele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kammerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Payr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Scheffknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Umwelt und Lebensmittelsicherheit des Landes Vorarlberg, 6900 Bregenz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Dria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Umwelt und Lebensmittelsicherheit des Landes Vorarlberg, 6900 Bregenz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Draxl-Weiskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6462-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Kreuzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian National Public Health Institute, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Bachner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian National Public Health Institute, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Zuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian National Public Health Institute, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1412-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herwig","family":"Ostermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian National Public Health Institute, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Social Work, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heribert","family":"Insam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6009-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Otto","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140621","article-title":"First detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America: A study in Louisiana, USA","volume":"743","author":"Sherchan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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