{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1773160508822,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIH\/NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R44AI118017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R44AI118017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"John Sealy Distinguished University Chair in Vaccinology","award":["2R44AI118017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R44AI118017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genetic diversities of mammalian tick-borne flaviviruses are poorly understood. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to deep sequence different viruses and strains belonging to this group of flaviviruses, including Central European tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Eur), Far Eastern TBEV (TBEV-FE), Langat (LGTV), Powassan (POWV), Deer Tick (DTV), Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFDV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever (AHFV), and Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV) viruses. DTV, AHFV, and KFDV had the lowest genetic diversity, while POWV strains LEIV-5530 and LB, OHFV, TBEV-Eur, and TBEV-FE had higher genetic diversities. These findings are compatible with the phylogenetic relationships between the viruses. For DTV and POWV, the amount of genetic diversity could be explained by the number of tick vector species and amplification hosts each virus can occupy, with low diversity DTV having a more limited vector and host pool, while POWV with higher genetic diversities has been isolated from different tick species and mammals. It is speculated that high genetic diversity may contribute to the survival of the virus as it encounters these different environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1674098212000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in Genetic Diversity of Mammalian Tick-Borne Flaviviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kassandra L.","family":"Carpio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill K.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Widen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Juelich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawaii Biotech Inc., Honolulu, HI 96817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3740-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D. T.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Vaccines","volume":"164","author":"Ruzek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00206-1","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. 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