{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:47:04Z","timestamp":1784594824490,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Research Resources","award":["5P20RR016469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20RR016469"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Research Resources","award":["8P20GM103427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8P20GM103427"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS)","award":["5P20RR016469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20RR016469"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS)","award":["8P20GM103427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8P20GM103427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus within the family Picornaviridae. EV-D68 was initially considered a respiratory virus that primarily affected children. However, in 2014, EV-D68 outbreaks occurred causing the expected increase in respiratory illness cases, but also an increase in acute flaccid myelitis cases (AFM). Sequencing of 2014 outbreak isolates revealed variations in the 5\u2032 UTR of the genome compared to the historical Fermon strain. The structure of the 5\u2032 UTR RNA contributes to enterovirus virulence, including neurovirulence in poliovirus, and could contribute to neurovirulence in contemporary EV-D68 strains. In this study, the secondary and tertiary structures of 5\u2032 UTR RNA from the Fermon strain and 2014 isolate KT347251.1 are analyzed and compared. Secondary structures were determined using SHAPE-MaP and TurboFold II and tertiary structures were predicted using 3dRNAv2.0. Comparison of RNA structures between the EV-D68 strains shows significant remodeling at the secondary and tertiary levels. Notable secondary structure changes occurred in domains II, IV and V. Shifts in the secondary structure changed the tertiary structure of the individual domains and the orientation of the domains. Our comparative structural models for EV-D68 5\u2032 UTR RNA highlight regions of the molecule that could be targeted for treatment of neurotropic enteroviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:21:54Z","timestamp":1674616914000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RNA Structure in the 5\u2032 Untranslated Region of Enterovirus D68 Strains with Differing Neurovirulence Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7279-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Eastman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William E.","family":"Tapprich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120693","article-title":"A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases","volume":"85","author":"Schieble","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. 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