{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:03Z","timestamp":1787030163889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency (CFB, AB, RS)","award":["HDTRA1-16-1-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-16-1-0033"]}]},{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency (CFB, AB, RS)","award":["R01-AI136916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI136916"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["HDTRA1-16-1-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-16-1-0033"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["R01-AI136916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI136916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Marburg and Ebola filoviruses cause a severe, often fatal, disease in humans and nonhuman primates but have only subclinical effects in bats, including Egyptian rousettes, which are a natural reservoir of Marburg virus. A fundamental question is why these viruses are highly pathogenic in humans but fail to cause disease in bats. To address this question, we infected one cohort of Egyptian rousette bats with Marburg virus and another cohort with Ebola virus and harvested multiple tissues for mRNA expression analysis. While virus transcripts were found primarily in the liver, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed coordinated changes across multiple tissues. Gene signatures in kidney and liver pointed at induction of vasodilation, reduction in coagulation, and changes in the regulation of iron metabolism. Signatures of immune response detected in spleen and liver indicated a robust anti-inflammatory state signified by macrophages in the M2 state and an active T cell response. The evolutionary divergence between bats and humans of many responsive genes might provide a framework for understanding the differing outcomes upon infection by filoviruses. In this study, we outline multiple interconnected pathways that respond to infection by MARV and EBOV, providing insights into the complexity of the mechanisms that enable bats to resist the disease caused by filoviral infections. The results have the potential to aid in the development of new strategies to effectively mitigate and treat the disease caused by these viruses in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T01:58:59Z","timestamp":1674784739000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections Elicit a Complex, Muted Inflammatory State in Bats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anitha D.","family":"Jayaprakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Girihlet Inc., Oakland, CA 94609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Ronk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek N.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Covington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amaryllis Nucleics, Oakland, CA 94609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn R.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni M.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saboor","family":"Hekmaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla A.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Geisbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Basler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bukreyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Sachidanandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.01.014","article-title":"Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever","volume":"64","author":"Rougeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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