{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:54:26Z","timestamp":1792806866549,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KI2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1304B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1604B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1604B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1906A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16GW0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GW0141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KI2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1304B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1604B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1604B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZX1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1906A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16GW0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GW0141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KI2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01ZX1304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1304B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01ZX1604B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1604B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01ZX1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1906A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["16GW0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GW0141"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["01KI2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2124"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-AMRB-0002"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["01ZX1304B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1304B"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["01ZX1604B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1604B"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["01ZX1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZX1906A"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["16GW0141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GW0141"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114933180\u2014SFB-TR84"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431232613\u2014SFB-1449"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phage therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is of great interest due to the rising incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. However, natural or therapy-induced immunity against therapeutic phages remains a potential concern. In this study, we investigated the innate and adaptive immune responses to two different phage cocktails targeting either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli\u2014two VAP-associated pathogens\u2014in na\u00efve mice without the confounding effects of a bacterial infection. Active or UV-inactivated phage cocktails or buffers were injected intraperitoneally daily for 7 days in C57BL\/6J wild-type mice. Blood cell analysis, flow cytometry analysis, assessment of phage distribution and histopathological analysis of spleens were performed at 6 h, 10 days and 21 days after treatment start. Phages reached the lungs and although the phage cocktails were slightly immunogenic, phage injections were well tolerated without obvious adverse effects. No signs of activation of innate or adaptive immune cells were observed; however, both active phage cocktails elicited a minimal humoral response with secretion of phage-specific antibodies. Our findings show that even repetitive injections lead only to a minimal innate and adaptive immune response in na\u00efve mice and suggest that systemic phage treatment is thus potentially suitable for treating bacterial lung infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1675064081000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Repetitive Exposure to Bacteriophage Cocktails against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli Provokes Marginal Humoral Immunity in Na\u00efve Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3701-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Weissfuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra-Maria","family":"Wienhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"B\u00fcrkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Gaborieau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR6047, Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Bacteria Host, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM UMR1137, IAME, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"APHP, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive R\u00e9animation, 92700 Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Bushe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imke H. E.","family":"Korf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wienecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Dannheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Ziehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4502-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim D.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Damien","family":"Ricard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM UMR1137, IAME, 75018 Paris, France"},{"name":"APHP, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive R\u00e9animation, 92700 Colombes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-5758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Debarbieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR6047, Department of Microbiology, Bacteriophage Bacteria Host, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9787-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Witzenrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Partner Site Charit\u00e9, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldine","family":"Nouailles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127155","article-title":"The resurgence of phage-based therapy in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance: From research progress to challenges and prospects","volume":"264","author":"Anyaegbunam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00066-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","article-title":"Phage Therapy in the Postantibiotic Era","volume":"32","author":"Barr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13775","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU","volume":"18","author":"Kalanuria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/idr13020038","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Pathogens Isolated in Early- versus Late-Onset Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Naas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E., and Biondo, C. (2021). Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101310"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wienhold, S.-M., Brack, M.C., Nouailles, G., Krishnamoorthy, G., Korf, I.H.E., Seitz, C., Wienecke, S., Dietert, K., Gurtner, C., and Kershaw, O. (2021). Preclinical Assessment of Bacteriophage Therapy against Experimental Acinetobacter baumannii Lung Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010033"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02573-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02573-17","article-title":"Design of a Broad-Range Bacteriophage Cocktail That Reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms and Treats Acute Infections in Two Animal Models","volume":"62","author":"Forti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2372OC","article-title":"Bacteriophages Improve Outcomes in Experimental Staphylococcus aureus Ventilator-associated Pneumonia","volume":"200","author":"Prazak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebeaux, D., Merabishvili, M., Caudron, E., Lannoy, D., van Simaey, L., Duyvejonck, H., Guillemain, R., Thumerelle, C., Podglajen, I., and Compain, F. (2021). A Case of Phage Therapy against Pandrug-Resistant Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a 12-Year-Old Lung-Transplanted Cystic Fibrosis Patient. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010060"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, K., Merabishvili, M., Hazan, R., Christner, M., Herden, U., Gelman, D., Khalifa, L., Yerushalmy, O., Coppenhagen-Glazer, S., and Harbauer, T. (2021). Bacteriophage Rescue Therapy of a Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Infection in a One-Year-Old Child following a Third Liver Transplantation. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091785"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01319-0","article-title":"Successful adjunctive use of bacteriophage therapy for treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a cystic fibrosis patient","volume":"47","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1709-y","article-title":"Use of bacteriophages in the treatment of colistin-only-sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia in a patient with acute kidney injury-a case report","volume":"21","author":"Jennes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00954-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00954-17","article-title":"Development and Use of Personalized Bacteriophage-Based Therapeutic Cocktails To Treat a Patient with a Disseminated Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection","volume":"61","author":"Schooley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoy005","article-title":"Phage treatment of an aortic graft infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"2018","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.12.023","article-title":"Oral Phage Therapy of Acute Bacterial Diarrhea with Two Coliphage Preparations: A Randomized Trial in Children From Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Sarker","year":"2016","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30330-3","article-title":"Intravesical bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Leitner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): A randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Jault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.x","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201800412","article-title":"Bacteriophages: An overview of the control strategies against multiple bacterial infections in different fields","volume":"59","author":"Jamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0070-8","article-title":"Targeting mechanisms of tailed bacteriophages","volume":"16","author":"Nobrega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Febvre, H.P., Rao, S., Gindin, M., Goodwin, N.D.M., Finer, E., Vivanco, J.S., Lu, S., Manter, D.K., Wallace, T.C., and Weir, T.L. (2019). PHAGE Study: Effects of Supplemental Bacteriophage Intake on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030666"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20170002","article-title":"Phage therapy: Awakening a sleeping giant","volume":"1","author":"Roach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Top. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rski, A., Borysowski, J., and Mi\u0119dzybrodzki, R. (2020). Phage Therapy: Towards a Successful Clinical Trial. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110827"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4403-6","article-title":"The potential role of endogenous bacteriophages in controlling invading pathogens","volume":"62","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643214","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.643214","article-title":"The Human Gut Phageome: Origins and Roles in the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Townsend","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll-Portillo, A., and Lin, H.C. (2019). Bacteriophage and the Innate Immune System: Access and Signaling. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120625"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.11.011","article-title":"Phage-specific antibodies","volume":"68","author":"Gembara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394438-2.00002-5","article-title":"Phage as a modulator of immune responses: Practical implications for phage therapy","volume":"83","author":"Borysowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832f0a89","article-title":"Fc receptor-mediated antiviral antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Forthal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00673-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody response against subcutaneously injected bacteriophages in rabbit model","volume":"32","author":"Archana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02607","article-title":"Induction of Phage-Specific Antibodies by Two Therapeutic Staphylococcal Bacteriophages Administered per os","volume":"10","author":"Majewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.05.018","article-title":"Effect of serum anti-phage activity on colibacillosis control by repeated phage therapy in broilers","volume":"234","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-020-00835-z","article-title":"Anti-phage serum antibody responses and the outcome of phage therapy","volume":"66","author":"Fortuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol. (Praha)"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Antibody Production in Response to Staphylococcal MS-1 Phage Cocktail in Patients Undergoing Phage Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Owczarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082845","article-title":"Oral Application of T4 Phage Induces Weak Antibody Production in the Gut and in the Blood","volume":"7","author":"Majewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2013.0128","article-title":"Phage neutralization by sera of patients receiving phage therapy","volume":"27","author":"Zaczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00379-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00379-19","article-title":"Phage Therapy of Pneumonia Is Not Associated with an Overstimulation of the Inflammatory Response Compared to Antibiotic Treatment in Mice","volume":"63","author":"Dufour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohde, C., Resch, G., Pirnay, J.-P., Blasdel, B.G., Debarbieux, L., Gelman, D., G\u00f3rski, A., Hazan, R., Huys, I., and Kakabadze, E. (2018). Expert Opinion on Three Phage Therapy Related Topics: Bacterial Phage Resistance, Phage Training and Prophages in Bacterial Production Strains. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040178"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedon, S.T., Danis-Wlodarczyk, K.M., and Wozniak, D.J. (2021). Phage Cocktail Development for Bacteriophage Therapy: Toward Improving Spectrum of Activity Breadth and Depth. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14101019"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09483-z","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy for Critical and High-Priority Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Phage Cocktail-Antibiotic Formulation Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaitekenas, A., Tai, A.S., Ramsay, J.P., Stick, S.M., and Kicic, A. (2021). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Resistance to Bacteriophages and Its Prevention by Strategic Therapeutic Cocktail Formulation. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020145"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.018","article-title":"Synergy between the Host Immune System and Bacteriophage Is Essential for Successful Phage Therapy against an Acute Respiratory Pathogen","volume":"22","author":"Roach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02719.x","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa population structure revisited under environmental focus: Impact of water quality and phage pressure","volume":"14","author":"Selezska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garbe, J., Wesche, A., Bunk, B., Kazmierczak, M., Selezska, K., Rohde, C., Sikorski, J., Rohde, M., Jahn, D., and Schobert, M. (2010). Characterization of JG024, a pseudomonas aeruginosa PB1-like broad host range phage under simulated infection conditions. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-301"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02644.x","article-title":"Intestinal colonization by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli supports long-term bacteriophage replication in mice","volume":"14","author":"Maura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D716","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky895","article-title":"BACTOME-a reference database to explore the sequence- and gene expression-variation landscape of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates","volume":"47","author":"Hornischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.05.006","article-title":"Neutrophil kinetics in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Summers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.10.011","article-title":"The activation of the adaptive immune system: Cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells","volume":"162","author":"Arens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.116","article-title":"Dendritic cell migration in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Worbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5535-9_4","article-title":"The binding of antigen presenting cells to T lymphocytes","volume":"237","author":"Steinman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5077","article-title":"CD8alpha+ and CD11b+ dendritic cell-restricted MHC class II controls Th1 CD4+ T cell immunity","volume":"171","author":"Lemos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.07.014","article-title":"Treg Cell Differentiation: From Thymus to Peripheral Tissue","volume":"136","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585319","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.585319","article-title":"Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Plasticity in Gut Mucosal Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Buela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2019.0089","article-title":"Cytokine Milieu in Infectious Disease: A Sword or a Boon?","volume":"40","author":"Soni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez, V.M., Jubinville, E., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, M.I., Trudel-Ferland, M., Bouchard, S., and Jean, J. (2021). Inactivation of Foodborne Viruses by UV Light: A Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123141"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podlacha, M., Grabowski, \u0141., Kosznik-Kaw\u015bnicka, K., Zdrojewska, K., Stasi\u0142oj\u0107, M., W\u0119grzyn, G., and W\u0119grzyn, A. (2021). Interactions of Bacteriophages with Animal and Human Organisms-Safety Issues in the Light of Phage Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168937"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0222","article-title":"Phage-specific diverse effects of bacterial viruses on the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Borysowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00414","article-title":"Impact of Frequent Administration of Bacteriophage on Therapeutic Efficacy in an A. baumannii Mouse Wound Infection Model","volume":"11","author":"Rouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12565","article-title":"Observation of inflammatory responses in mice orally fed with bacteriophage T7","volume":"117","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00696","article-title":"Characterization of Two Novel Bacteriophages Infecting Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Efficacy in Vivo","volume":"9","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sousa-Pereira, P., and Woof, J.M. (2019). IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8040057"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0352OC","article-title":"Increased IgA Expression in Lung Lymphoid Follicles in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"199","author":"Ladjemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj5129","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abj5129","article-title":"Intranasal priming induces local lung-resident B cell populations that secrete protective mucosal antiviral IgA","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi, Y., Kunitoh-Asari, A., Hayakawa, K., Imai, S., Kasuya, K., Abe, K., Adachi, Y., Fukudome, S.-I., Takahashi, Y., and Hachimura, S. (2014). Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain AYA enhances IgA secretion and provides survival protection against influenza virus infection in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086416"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chechushkov, A., Kozlova, Y., Baykov, I., Morozova, V., Kravchuk, B., Ushakova, T., Bardasheva, A., Zelentsova, E., Allaf, L.A., and Tikunov, A. (2021). Influence of Caudovirales Phages on Humoral Immunity in Mice. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071241"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12551","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02043-14","article-title":"Immunogenicity studies of proteins forming the T4 phage head surface","volume":"88","author":"Miernikiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2020.0004","article-title":"Natural and Induced Antibodies Against Phages in Humans: Induction Kinetics and Immunogenicity for Structural Proteins of PB1-Related Phages","volume":"1","author":"Majewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"PHAGE"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.024","article-title":"Host and pathogen response to bacteriophage engineered against Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection","volume":"185","author":"Nick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601060113","article-title":"Healthy human gut phageome","volume":"113","author":"Manrique","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku173","article-title":"Viruses versus bacteria-novel approaches to phage therapy as a tool against multidrug-resistant pathogens","volume":"69","author":"Viertel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetz, G., and Tetz, V. (2018). Bacteriophages as New Human Viral Pathogens. Microorganisms, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6020054"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duplessis, C., Warawa, J.M., Lawrenz, M.B., Henry, M., and Biswas, B. (2021). Successful Intratracheal Treatment of Phage and Antibiotic Combination Therapy of a Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murine Model. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080946"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab112","article-title":"Benefits of Aerosolized Phages for the Treatment of Pneumonia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Experimental Study in Rats","volume":"225","author":"Prazak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15526","article-title":"Inhaled bacteriophage therapy in a porcine model of pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during mechanical ventilation","volume":"178","author":"Guillon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/2\/387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:19:01Z","timestamp":1760120341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/2\/387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v15020387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15020387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]}}}