{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:57:58Z","timestamp":1787237878214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B surveillance is essential to achieving Canada\u2019s goal of eliminating hepatitis B by 2030. Hepatitis B rates, association of infection with vaccine age-eligibility, and risk factors were analyzed among 1,401,603 first-time Canadian blood donors from 2005 to 2020. Donors were classified as having likely chronic or likely resolved\/occult infections based on hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis B core antigen, and hepatitis B nucleic acid test results. Likely chronically infected and control donors (ratio 1:4) participated in risk-factor interviews. The 2019 rate of likely chronic infection was 61.9 per 100,000 (95% CI 46.5\u201380.86) and 1449.5 per 100,000 for likely resolved\/occult infections (95% CI 1370.7\u20131531.7). Likely chronic infections were higher in males (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.7\u20133.7) and the vaccine-ineligible birth cohort (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.6\u20132.2). The main risk factors were living with someone who had hepatitis (OR 12.5; 95% CI 5.2\u201330.0) and ethnic origin from a high-prevalence country (OR 8.4; 95% CI 5.9\u201311.9). Undiagnosed chronic hepatitis B may be more prevalent in Canada than currently determined by traditional passive hepatitis B reporting. Blood donor data can be useful in informing hepatitis B rates and evaluating vaccination programs in Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T03:22:47Z","timestamp":1675221767000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hepatitis B Blood Donor Screening Data: An Under-Recognized Resource for Canadian Public Health Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila F.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3904-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra N.","family":"Reedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Osiowy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Bolotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Preventable Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Long","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00e9ma-Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC H4R 2W7, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawuena","family":"Binka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niamh","family":"Caffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Drews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Department, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13187","article-title":"Solid organ transplantation from hepatitis B virus-positive donors: Consensus guidelines for recipient management","volume":"15","author":"Huprikar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. 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