{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:24Z","timestamp":1787030124201,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012399","name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75A50120C00125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75A50120C00125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SeptiCyte\u00ae RAPID is a gene expression assay measuring the relative expression levels of host response genes PLA2G7 and PLAC8, indicative of a dysregulated immune response during sepsis. As severe forms of COVID-19 may be considered viral sepsis, we evaluated SeptiCyte RAPID in a series of 94 patients admitted to Foch Hospital (Suresnes, France) with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. EDTA blood was collected in the emergency department (ED) in 67 cases, in the intensive care unit (ICU) in 23 cases and in conventional units in 4 cases. SeptiScore (0\u201315 scale) increased with COVID-19 severity. Patients in ICU had the highest SeptiScores, producing values comparable to 8 patients with culture-confirmed bacterial sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 for discriminating patients requiring ICU admission from patients who were immediately discharged or from patients requiring hospitalization in conventional units. SeptiScores increased with the extent of the lung injury. For 68 patients, a chest computed tomography (CT) scan was performed within 24 h of COVID-19 diagnosis. SeptiScore &gt;7 suggested lung injury \u226550% (AUC = 0.86). SeptiCyte RAPID was compared to other biomarkers for discriminating Critical + Severe COVID-19 in ICU, versus Moderate + Mild COVID-19 not in ICU. The mean AUC for SeptiCyte RAPID was superior to that of any individual biomarker or combination thereof. In contrast to C-reactive protein (CRP), correlation of SeptiScore with lung injury was not impacted by treatment with anti-inflammatory agents. SeptiCyte RAPID can be a useful tool to identify patients with severe forms of COVID-19 in ED, as well as during follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T02:57:24Z","timestamp":1675306644000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Stratification of COVID-19 Severity Using SeptiCyte RAPID, a Novel Host Immune Response Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Gravrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mellot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Zuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krupa","family":"Navalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Yager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Petit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Pascreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), UMR-S1176, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Farfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8784-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Vasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France"},{"name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), UMR-S1176, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: From cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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