{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:21:02Z","timestamp":1792722062221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arboviral, encephalitogenic, zoonotic flavivirus characterized by its complex epidemiology whose transmission cycle involves reservoir and amplifying hosts, competent vector species and optimal environmental conditions. Although typically endemic in Asia and parts of the Pacific Islands, unprecedented outbreaks in both humans and domestic pigs in southeastern Australia emphasize the virus\u2019 expanding geographical range. To estimate areas at highest risk of JEV transmission in Australia, ecological niche models of vectors and waterbirds, a sample of piggery coordinates and feral pig population density models were combined using mathematical and geospatial mapping techniques. These results highlight that both coastal and inland regions across the continent are estimated to have varying risks of enzootic and\/or epidemic JEV transmission. We recommend increased surveillance of waterbirds, feral pigs and mosquito populations in areas where domestic pigs and human populations are present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1675656487000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Japanese Encephalitis Enzootic and Epidemic Risks across Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9772-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Furlong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hoskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0920-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya L.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Gummow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5288-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Golchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roslyn I.","family":"Hickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080311","article-title":"Past, Present, and Future of Japanese Encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Erlanger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. 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