{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:06:23Z","timestamp":1782119183696,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bando di Ateneo 2021, Sapienza University","award":["RM12117A61EAEC9A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM12117A61EAEC9A"]}]},{"name":"Bando di Ateneo 2021, Sapienza University","award":["2020NCKXBR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020NCKXBR"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2020","award":["RM12117A61EAEC9A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM12117A61EAEC9A"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2020","award":["2020NCKXBR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020NCKXBR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The full spectrum of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients has not yet been defined. This study aimed to evaluate which parameters derived from CT, inflammatory, and hormonal markers could explain the clinical variability of COVID-19. We performed a retrospective study including SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected patients hospitalized from March 2020 to May 2021 at the Umberto I Polyclinic of Rome. Patients were divided into four groups according to the degree of respiratory failure. Routine laboratory examinations, BMI, liver steatosis indices, liver CT attenuation, ferritin, and IGF-1 serum levels were assessed and correlated with severity. Analysis of variance between groups showed that patients with worse prognoses had higher BMI and ferritin levels, but lower liver density, albumin, GH, and IGF-1. ROC analysis confirmed the prognostic accuracy of IGF-1 in discriminating between patients who experienced death\/severe respiratory failure and those who did not (AUC 0.688, CI: 0.587 to 0.789, p &lt; 0.001). A multivariate analysis considering the degrees of severity of the disease as the dependent variable and ferritin, liver density, and the standard deviation score of IGF-1 as regressors showed that all three parameters were significant predictors. Ferritin, IGF-1, and liver steatosis account for the increased risk of poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients with obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1676001169000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Obesity-Associated Hepatic Steatosis, Somatotropic Axis Impairment, and Ferritin Levels Are Strong Predictors of COVID-19 Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Masi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-2278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gangitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Criniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ballesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Anatomo\u2013Pathology and Oncology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Anzuini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Emergency-Acceptance, Critical Areas and Trauma, Policlinico \u201cUmberto I\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Gnessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Angeloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Emergency-Acceptance, Critical Areas and Trauma, Policlinico \u201cUmberto I\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orietta","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lubrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596201","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.596201","article-title":"Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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