{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:44:14Z","timestamp":1768517054815,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican Government","award":["Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federaci\u00f3n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federaci\u00f3n"]}]},{"name":"Mexican Government","award":["PJT-148621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-148621"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federaci\u00f3n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federaci\u00f3n"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-148621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-148621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first nationally representative cross-sectional HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) survey was conducted in Uruguay in 2018\u20132019 among adults diagnosed with HIV and initiating or reinitiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase genes of HIV-1 were sequenced. A total of 206 participants were enrolled in the survey; 63.2% were men, 85.7% were &gt;25 years of age, and 35.6% reported previous exposure to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. The prevalence of HIVDR to efavirenz or nevirapine was significantly higher (OR: 1.82, p &lt; 0.001) in adults with previous ARV drug exposure (20.3%, 95% CI: 18.7\u201322.0%) compared to adults without previous ARV drug exposure (12.3%, 11.0\u201313.8%). HIVDR to any nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 10.3% (9.4\u201311.2%). HIVDR to ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors was 1.5% (1.1\u20132.1%); resistance to ritonavir-boosted darunavir was 0.9% (0.4\u20132.1%) among adults without previous ARV drug exposure and it was not observed among adults with previous ARV drug exposure. Resistance to integrase inhibitors was 12.7% (11.7\u201313.8%), yet HIVDR to dolutegravir, bictegravir, and cabotegravir was not observed. The high level (&gt;10%) of HIVDR to efavirenz highlights the need to accelerate the transition to the WHO-recommended dolutegravir-based ART. Access to dolutegravir-based ART should be prioritised for people reporting previous ARV drug exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1676001169000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["HIV Drug Resistance in Adults Initiating or Reinitiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Uruguay\u2014Results of a Nationally Representative Survey, 2018\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Flieller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud P\u00fablica, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de ITS-VIH\/SIDA, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Ruchansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud P\u00fablica, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Gir\u00f3n-Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Brasesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud P\u00fablica, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de ITS-VIH\/SIDA, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Chiparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud P\u00fablica, Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Tapia-Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Monreal-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ravasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA"},{"name":"Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"\u00c1vila-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix089","article-title":"Impact of HIV Drug Resistance on HIV\/AIDS-Associated Mortality, New Infections, and Antiretroviral Therapy Program Costs in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"215","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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