{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:02:47Z","timestamp":1790560967290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers","award":["75N93019C00052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00052"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["75N93019C00052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93019C00052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is clear that new approaches are needed to promote broadly protective immunity to viral pathogens, particularly those that are prone to mutation and escape from antibody-mediated immunity. Prototypic pathogens of this type are influenza and SARS-CoV-2, where the receptor-binding protein exhibits extremely high variability in its receptor-binding regions. T cells, known to target many viral proteins, and within these, highly conserved peptide epitopes, can contribute greatly to protective immunity through multiple mechanisms but are often poorly recruited by current vaccine strategies. Here, we have studied a promising novel pure enantio-specific cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (R-DOTAP), which was previously recognized for its ability to generate anti-tumor immunity through the induction of potent cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Using a preclinical mouse model, we have assessed an R-DOTAP nanoparticle adjuvant system for its ability to promote CD4 T cell responses to vaccination with recombinant influenza protein. Our studies revealed that R-DOTAP consistently outperformed a squalene-based adjuvant emulsion, even when it was introduced with a potent TLR agonist CpG, in the ability to elicit peptide epitope-specific CD4 T cells when quantified by IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 ELISpot assays. Clinical testing of R-DOTAP containing vaccines in earlier work by others has demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. Hence, R-DOTAP can offer exciting opportunities as an immune stimulant for next-generation prophylactic recombinant protein-based vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:37:24Z","timestamp":1676432244000},"page":"538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["R-DOTAP Cationic Lipid Nanoparticles Outperform Squalene-Based Adjuvant Systems in Elicitation of CD4 T Cells after Recombinant Influenza Hemagglutinin Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Henson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siva K.","family":"Gandhapudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerold G.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Sant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001103","article-title":"Influenza vaccines: Where we are, where we are going","volume":"34","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0141","article-title":"Influenza Virus: Dealing with a Drifting and Shifting Pathogen","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral. 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