{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1787030032562,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L192014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202012061392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202012061392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L192012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L192014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202012061392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202012061392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L192012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"edical and Health Technology Development Program in Shandong Province","award":["2021YFC2302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302003"]}]},{"name":"edical and Health Technology Development Program in Shandong Province","award":["L192014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192014"]}]},{"name":"edical and Health Technology Development Program in Shandong Province","award":["202012061392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202012061392"]}]},{"name":"edical and Health Technology Development Program in Shandong Province","award":["L192012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192012"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian District Joint Fund","award":["2021YFC2302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302003"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian District Joint Fund","award":["L192014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192014"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian District Joint Fund","award":["202012061392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202012061392"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian District Joint Fund","award":["L192012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the global genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) and to propose future directions for disease surveillance. Next-generation sequencing was performed to obtain the complete genome sequence of CVB4, and the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of CVB4 worldwide were analyzed using bioinformatics methods such as phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary dynamics, and phylogeographic analysis. Forty complete genomes of CVB4 were identified from asymptomatic infected individuals and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) patients. Frequent recombination between CVB4 and EV-B multiple serotypes in the 3Dpol region was found and formed 12 recombinant patterns (A-L). Among these, the CVB4 isolated from asymptomatic infected persons and HFMD patients belonged to lineages H and I, respectively. Transmission dynamics analysis based on the VP1 region revealed that CVB4 epidemics in countries outside China were dominated by the D genotype, whereas the E genotype was dominant in China, and both genotypes evolved at a rate of &gt; 6.50 \u00d7 10\u22123 substitutions\/site\/year. CVB4 spreads through the population unseen, with the risk of disease outbreaks persisting as susceptible individuals accumulate. Our findings add to publicly available CVB4 genomic sequence data and deepen our understanding of CVB4 molecular epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:58:23Z","timestamp":1676869103000},"page":"569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genomic Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Global Coxsackievirus B4"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, 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Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1772-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaowen","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO WPRO Regional Polio 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