{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:34:41Z","timestamp":1773887681940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2020\/05207-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05207-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2014\/07125-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/07125-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2015\/00658-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/00658-1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2020\/08534-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/08534-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2022\/07287-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\/07287-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2020\/05270-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05270-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2021\/04590-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/04590-3"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#312606\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312606\/2019-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#313259\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#313259\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#303259\/2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303259\/2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#309583\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#309583\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#314358\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314358\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2020\/05207-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05207-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2014\/07125-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/07125-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2015\/00658-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/00658-1"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2020\/08534-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/08534-8"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2022\/07287-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\/07287-2"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2020\/05270-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05270-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#2021\/04590-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/04590-3"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#312606\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312606\/2019-2"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#313259\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#313259\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#303259\/2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303259\/2020-5"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#309583\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#309583\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["#314358\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314358\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2020\/05207-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05207-6"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2014\/07125-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/07125-6"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2015\/00658-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/00658-1"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2020\/08534-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/08534-8"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2022\/07287-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\/07287-2"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2020\/05270-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05270-0"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#2021\/04590-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/04590-3"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#312606\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312606\/2019-2"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#313259\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#313259\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#303259\/2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303259\/2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#309583\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#309583\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["#314358\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314358\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Educational Personnel","award":["006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2020\/05207-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05207-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2014\/07125-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/07125-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2015\/00658-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/00658-1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2020\/08534-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/08534-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2022\/07287-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\/07287-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2020\/05270-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/05270-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#2021\/04590-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021\/04590-3"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#312606\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312606\/2019-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#313259\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#313259\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#303259\/2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303259\/2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#309583\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#309583\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["#314358\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314358\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de apoio \u00e0 Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FUSP by USP VIDA program, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas\u2014FAPEAM (POSGRAD -Resolution","award":["006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is associated with a dysregulated immune response. Currently, several medicines are licensed for the treatment of this disease. Due to their significant role in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators, glucocorticoids (GCs) have attracted a great deal of attention. Similarly, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system regulates various physiological processes including the immunological response. Additionally, during inflammatory and thrombotic processes, phospholipids from cell membranes are cleaved to produce platelet-activating factor (PAF), another lipid mediator. Nonetheless, the effect of GCs on this lipid pathway during COVID-19 therapy is still unknown. This is a cross-sectional study involving COVID-19 patients (n = 200) and healthy controls (n = 35). Target tandem mass spectrometry of plasma lipid mediators demonstrated that COVID-19 severity affected eCBs and PAF synthesis. This increased synthesis of eCB was adversely linked with systemic inflammatory markers IL-6 and sTREM-1 levels and neutrophil counts. The use of GCs altered these lipid pathways by reducing PAF and increasing 2-AG production. Corroborating this, transcriptome analysis of GC-treated patients blood leukocytes showed differential modulation of monoacylglycerol lipase and phospholipase A2 gene expression. Altogether, these findings offer a breakthrough in our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology, indicating that GCs may promote additional protective pharmacological effects by influencing the eCB and PAF pathways involved in the disease course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:58:23Z","timestamp":1676869103000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Interplay among Glucocorticoid Therapy, Platelet-Activating Factor and Endocannabinoid Release Influences the Inflammatory Response to COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan C. S.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FFCLRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro V.","family":"da Silva-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada-PPGIBA, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1003-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana M.","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada-PPGIBA, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Fuzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviani","family":"Nardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius E.","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malena M.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2053-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais F. C.","family":"Fraga-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla N. S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augusto M.","family":"Degiovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Ribeirao Preto 14085-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima M.","family":"Ostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Ribeirao Preto 14085-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marley R.","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio S.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J. R.","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Feres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilberto G.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel K. F. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana P. M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-EERP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra R.","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos-UFSCar, Sao Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa M. S.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia L. D.","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6156-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina R. B.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2039-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Dias-Baruffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facia H.","family":"Faccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Toxicol\u00f3gicas e Bromatol\u00f3gicas, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FCFRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7528-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Sorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ci\u00eancias e Letras de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FFCLRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada-PPGIBA, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas-UFAM, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto-FMRP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the ImmunoCovid Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00038","article-title":"Bioactive Lipids and Chronic Inflammation: Managing the Fire Within","volume":"9","author":"Leuti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01320","article-title":"Points of control in inflammation","volume":"420","author":"Nathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.08.006","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019, Microthromboses, and Platelet Activating Factor","volume":"42","author":"Theoharides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lordan, R., Tsoupras, A., Zabetakis, I., and Demopoulos, C.A. (2019). Forty Years Since the Structural Elucidation of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF): Historical, Current, and Future Research Perspectives. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234414"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-013-0131-2","article-title":"Platelet Activating Factor in Heart Failure: Potential Role in Disease Progression and Novel Target for Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Detopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Hear. Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"191","article-title":"The Role of Platelet-Activating Factor in Chronic Inflammation, Immune Activation, and Comorbidities Associated with HIV Infection","volume":"17","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21752","article-title":"CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonists as Candidates for Targeting Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"82","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1461754","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor 2: A potential novel therapeutic target for sepsis?","volume":"74","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15461","article-title":"Dual inhibition of CB 1 receptors and iNOS, as a potential novel approach to the pharmacological management of acute and long COVID-19","volume":"179","author":"Cinar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3192","article-title":"Bioactive lipids in antiviral immunity","volume":"371","author":"Theken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaa066","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa066","article-title":"Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity","volume":"45","author":"Monson","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106201","article-title":"COVID-19 and the Promise of Small Molecule Therapeutics: Are There Lessons to Be Learnt?","volume":"179","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105051","article-title":"Targeting inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"159","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28037","article-title":"Combination therapy with remdesivir and immunomodulators improves respiratory status in COVID-19: A retrospective study","volume":"94","author":"Kojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9209618","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Dexamethasone, Remdesivir, and Baricitinib in Severe COVID-19","volume":"2022","author":"Ngo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popp, M., Stegemann, M., Riemer, M., Metzendorf, M.I., Romero, C.S., Mikolajewska, A., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., and Weibel, S. (2021). Antibiotics for the Treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., Issue 10. Art. No.: CD015025.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015017.pub2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12880","article-title":"The Potential of Low Molecular Weight Heparin to Mitigate Cytokine Storm in Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.010","article-title":"Therapeutic Mechanisms of Glucocorticoids","volume":"29","author":"Vandewalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2002.0969","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of glucocorticoids","volume":"45","author":"Riccardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688946","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.688946","article-title":"The Role of Innate Immunity and Bioactive Lipid Mediators in COVID-19 and Influenza","volume":"12","author":"Sahanic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02860-3","article-title":"Possible Harm from Glucocorticoid Drugs Misuse in the Early Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review of the Evidence","volume":"17","author":"Sarzani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000819","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7)","volume":"133","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25783","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing","volume":"92","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 384, 693\u2013704.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1139\/y59-099","article-title":"A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification","volume":"37","author":"Bligh","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00169","article-title":"Rapid and Reliable Identification of Phospholipids for Untargeted Metabolomics with LC\u2013ESI\u2013QTOF\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"14","author":"Godzien","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013). R a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing: Reference Index, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Allaire, J.J. (2019). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, RStudio Integrated Development Environment for R."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-10-r80","article-title":"Bioconductor: Open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics","volume":"5","author":"Gentleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjaminit","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"Qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2022.106619","article-title":"The Function of Specialized Pro-Resolving Endogenous Lipid Mediators, Vitamins, and Other Micronutrients in the Control of the Inflammatory Processes: Possible Role in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Related Infection","volume":"159","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101092","article-title":"Dissecting Lipid Metabolism Alterations in SARS-CoV-2","volume":"82","author":"Casari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2437","article-title":"2-Arachidonoylgylcerol: A Possible Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand in Brain","volume":"215","author":"Sugiura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cascio, M.G., and Marini, P. (2015). Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.03.006","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic implications in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Gui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2016","article-title":"From phytocannabinoids to cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic physiological and pathological roles through complex pharmacology","volume":"96","author":"Ligresti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/187153008785700118","article-title":"Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents for Ablating Neuroinflammatory Disease","volume":"8","author":"Cabral","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991","article-title":"Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: A quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study","volume":"11","author":"Herkenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409000957","article-title":"Emerging Role of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor in Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"11","author":"Cabral","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2021.1895204","article-title":"In quest of a new therapeutic approach in COVID-19: The endocannabinoid system","volume":"53","author":"Lucaciu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.03.019","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and immune regulation","volume":"60","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0073","article-title":"Immune Responses Regulated by Cannabidiol","volume":"5","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141254","article-title":"CANNABINOID RECEPTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS","volume":"46","author":"Mackie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209200","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Hydrolysis Generates Brain Prostaglandins That Promote Neuroinflammation","volume":"334","author":"Nomura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644281","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.644281","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid Anandamide Attenuates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Downregulating miRNA that Target Inflammatory Pathways","volume":"12","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M., Wilson, K., Abdulla, O.A., Busbee, P.B., Hall, A., Carter, T., Singh, N., Chatterjee, S., Nagarkatti, P., and Nagarkatti, M. (2021). Endocannabinoid Anandamide Attenuates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Modulation of Microbiome in the Gut-Lung Axis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123305"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2014.01.001","article-title":"Endocannabinoids affect innate immunity of Muller glia during HIV-1 Tat cytotoxicity","volume":"59","author":"Krishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06211-2","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) in China: A retrospective multicenter study","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensiv. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva-Neto, P.V., de Carvalho, J.C.S., Pimentel, V.E., P\u00e9rez, M.M., Toro, D.M., Fraga-Silva, T.F.C., Fuzo, C.A., Oliveira, C.N.S., Rodrigues, L.C., and Argolo, J.G.M. (2021). sTREM-1 Predicts Disease Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Involvement of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and MMP-8 Activity. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122521"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.69.1.419","article-title":"Platelet-Activating Factor and Related Lipid Mediators","volume":"69","author":"Prescott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200205001-00020","article-title":"The platelet-activating factor signaling system and its regulators in syndromes of inflammation and thrombosis","volume":"30","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055616","article-title":"Platelet-Activating Factor: A Previously Unrecognized Mediator of Fever","volume":"553","author":"Ivanov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(90)90162-7","article-title":"Mechanism of increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity stimulated by platelet-activating factor","volume":"1052","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.48076","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Research Gaps: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Interaction with the ACE2 Receptor and Implications for Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"353","article-title":"Biochemistry, Platelet Activating Factor","volume":"1","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1696","article-title":"COVID-19, Microthromboses, Inflammation, and Platelet Activating Factor","volume":"46","author":"Demopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048959","article-title":"Complement cascade in severe forms of COVID-19: Recent advances in therapy","volume":"51","author":"Benmansour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05190-5","article-title":"Cytokine storm in COVID-19: Pathogenesis and overview of anti-inflammatory agents used in treatment","volume":"39","author":"Soy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"831","article-title":"Inflammation in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.106053","article-title":"Systemic administration of glucocorticoids, cardiovascular complications and mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19, SARS, MERS or influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"176","author":"Caiazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200305153482017","article-title":"The Use of Corticosteroids in SARS","volume":"348","author":"Oba","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104872","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19\u2014Lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb1978.15.581","article-title":"Studies on the Anti-allergic Mechanism of Glucocorticoids in Mice","volume":"15","author":"Inagaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharm. -Dyn."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400775","article-title":"Glucocorticoids cause rapid dissociation of a T-cell-receptor-associated protein complex containing LCK and FYN","volume":"7","author":"Verhaar","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(09)81011-X","article-title":"Chapter 11 Glucocorticoid-Regulated Crosstalk Between Arachidonic Acid and Endocannabinoid Biochemical Pathways Coordinates Cognitive-, Neuroimmune-, and Energy Homeostasis-Related Adaptations to Stress","volume":"81","author":"Buzzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00293.x","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppresses interleukin-1\u00ce2-induced human \u00ce2-defensin 2 mRNA expression: Involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, MKP-1, and NF-\u00ce\u00baB transcriptional factor in A549 cells","volume":"51","author":"Jang","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-260","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors differentially regulate NF-kappaB activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in murine BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"9","author":"Chantong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16709","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.27.16709","article-title":"Properties and Regulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2","volume":"272","author":"Leslie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17093.x","article-title":"Induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by cytokines in human pulmonary epithelial cells: Regulation by dexamethasone","volume":"113","author":"Mitchell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.020","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Signaling and Synaptic Function","volume":"76","author":"Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.f.1869","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling as a synaptic circuit breaker in neurological disease","volume":"14","author":"Katona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.05.020","article-title":"Multiple pathways involved in the biosynthesis of anandamide","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9341","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707807200","article-title":"Anandamide Biosynthesis Catalyzed by the Phosphodiesterase GDE1 and Detection of Glycerophospho-N-acyl Ethanolamine Precursors in Mouse Brain","volume":"283","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12411","article-title":"Parsing the players: 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and degradation in the CNS","volume":"171","author":"Murataeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Pertwee, R.G. (2015). Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.11.006","article-title":"A Comprehensive Profile of Brain Enzymes that Hydrolyze the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol","volume":"14","author":"Blankman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2601","article-title":"The serine hydrolase ABHD6 controls the accumulation and efficacy of 2-AG at cannabinoid receptors","volume":"13","author":"Marrs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2002799","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Oxygenation by Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochromes P450: Cross-Talk between the Eicosanoid and Endocannabinoid Signaling Pathways","volume":"111","author":"Rouzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83523-8","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators)","volume":"254","author":"Demopoulos","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.11.002","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-antagonists of natural origin","volume":"84","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C697","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1990.259.5.C697","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor and related acetylated lipids as potent biologically active cellular mediators","volume":"259","author":"Snyder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92972-8","article-title":"A coenzyme A-independent transacylase is linked to the formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by generating the lyso-PAF intermediate in the remodeling pathway","volume":"266","author":"Uemura","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609641200","article-title":"A Single Enzyme Catalyzes Both Platelet-Activating Factor Production and Membrane Biogenesis of Inflammatory Cells: Cloning and Characterization of Acetyl-CoA:Lyso-PAF Acetyltransferase","volume":"282","author":"Shindou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11097","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708909200","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Noninflammatory Biosynthetic Pathway of Platelet-activating Factor*","volume":"283","author":"Harayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700325-JLR200","article-title":"Intracellular PAF catabolism by PAF acetylhydrolase counteracts continual PAF synthesis","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(01)00100-1","article-title":"Oxidized LDL contains inflammatory PAF-like phospholipids","volume":"11","author":"Marathe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-014-0011-7","article-title":"Rupatadine: Efficacy and safety of a non-sedating antihistamine with PAF-antagonist effects","volume":"23","author":"Shamizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergo J. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6947034","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6947034","article-title":"A Review on Platelet Activating Factor Inhibitors: Could a New Class of Potent Metal-Based Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Induce Anticancer Properties?","volume":"2017","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.1999.0038","article-title":"Regulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) activity in human diseases by phospholipase A2inhibitors, PAF acetylhydrolases, PAF receptor antagonists and free radical scavengers","volume":"61","author":"Peplow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.054","article-title":"Dyslipidemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"14","author":"Hariyanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1181","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Yanai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02795-5","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical and biochemical parameters of critically ill patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Doaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06314","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Corticosteroids","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Care"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/2\/573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:34Z","timestamp":1760121394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/2\/573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v15020573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15020573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]}}}