{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T20:54:02Z","timestamp":1785876842620,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003046","name":"EMBRAPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22.16.05.004.00.02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22.16.05.004.00.02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003046","name":"EMBRAPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-5030-0-055-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-5030-0-055-F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003046","name":"EMBRAPA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5030-32000-231-000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5030-32000-231-000D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["22.16.05.004.00.02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22.16.05.004.00.02"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["58-5030-0-055-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-5030-0-055-F"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["5030-32000-231-000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5030-32000-231-000D"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["22.16.05.004.00.02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22.16.05.004.00.02"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["58-5030-0-055-F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-5030-0-055-F"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["5030-32000-231-000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5030-32000-231-000D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In South America, the evolutionary history of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine has been obscured by historically low levels of surveillance, and this has hampered the assessment of the zoonotic risk of emerging viruses. The extensive genetic diversity of IAV in swine observed globally has been attributed mainly to bidirectional transmission between humans and pigs. We conducted surveillance in swine in Brazil during 2011\u20132020 and characterized 107 H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis based on HA and NA segments revealed that human seasonal IAVs were introduced at least eight times into swine in Brazil since the mid-late 1980s. Our analyses revealed three genetic clades of H1 within the 1B lineage originated from three distinct spillover events, and an H3 lineage that has diversified into three genetic clades. The N2 segment from human seasonal H1N2 and H3N2 viruses was introduced into swine six times and a single introduction of an N1 segment from the human H1N1 virus was identified. Additional analysis revealed further reassortment with H1N1pdm09 viruses. All these introductions resulted in IAVs that apparently circulate only in Brazilian herds. These results reinforce the significant contributions of human IAVs to the genetic diversity of IAV in swine and reiterate the importance of surveillance of IAV in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T05:27:01Z","timestamp":1676870821000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Introductions of Human-Origin Seasonal H3N2, H1N2 and Pre-2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses to Swine in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Tochetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis M.","family":"Junqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Roraima Av., 1000, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tavis K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS, 1920 Dayton Av., Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Gava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Haach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias B\u00e1sicas da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio E.","family":"Cant\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Vincent Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS, 1920 Dayton Av., Ames, IA 50010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Su\u00ednos e Aves, BR 153, Km 110, Distrito de Tamandu\u00e1, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225","article-title":"Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans","volume":"325","author":"Garten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038737","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038737","article-title":"Swine Influenza a Viruses and the Tangled Relationship with Humans","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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