{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:08:28Z","timestamp":1790399308978,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institutes of Health, NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institutes of Health, NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institutes of Health, NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE35-0004 ArboVec"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI145999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI145999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cIntegrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquito-borne diseases caused by viruses and parasites are responsible for more than 700 million infections each year. Anopheles and Aedes are the two major vectors for, respectively, malaria and arboviruses. Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vector of just one known arbovirus, the alphavirus o\u2019nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), which is closely related to the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), vectored by Aedes mosquitoes. However, Anopheles harbor a complex natural virome of RNA viruses, and a number of pathogenic arboviruses have been isolated from Anopheles mosquitoes in nature. CHIKV and ONNV are in the same antigenic group, the Semliki Forest virus complex, are difficult to distinguish via immunodiagnostic assay, and symptomatically cause essentially the same human disease. The major difference between the arboviruses appears to be their differential use of mosquito vectors. The mechanisms governing this vector specificity are poorly understood. Here, we summarize intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could be associated with vector specificity by these viruses. We highlight the complexity and multifactorial aspect of vectorial specificity of the two alphaviruses, and evaluate the level of risk of vector shift by ONNV or CHIKV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T02:30:35Z","timestamp":1676946635000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Determinants of Chikungunya and O\u2019nyong-Nyong Virus Specificity for Infection of Aedes and Anopheles Mosquito Vectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Cottis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien A.","family":"Blisnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6890-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Bella","family":"Failloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Vernick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS UMR2000, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 UPMC Paris VI, 75252 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08347","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1355431","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong fever: A neglected mosquito-borne viral disease","volume":"111","author":"Rezza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabri, A.A., Rodrigues, C.D.d.S., Santos, C.C.d., Chalhoub, F.L.L., Sampaio, S.A., Faria, N.R.d.C., Torres, M.C., Fonseca, V., Brasil, P., and Calvet, G. (2020). Co-Circulation of Two Independent Clades and Persistence of CHIKV-ECSA Genotype during Epidemic Waves in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9120984"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-022-00399-3","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreak in Bangladesh (2017): Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients from three hotspots","volume":"50","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vairo, F., Coussoud-Mavoungou, M.P.A., Ntoumi, F., Castilletti, C., Kitembo, L., Haider, N., Carletti, F., Colavita, F., Gruber, C.E.M., and Iannetta, M. (2020). Chikungunya Outbreak in the Republic of the Congo, 2019\u2014Epidemiological, Virological and Entomological Findings of a South-North Multidisciplinary Taskforce Investigation. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091020"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBeaud, A.D., Banda, T., Brichard, J., Muchiri, E.M., Mungai, P.L., Mutuku, F.M., Borland, E., Gildengorin, G., Pfeil, S., and Teng, C.Y. (2015). High Rates of O\u2019Nyong Nyong and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003436"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-115","article-title":"How human practices have affected vector-borne diseases in the past: A study of malaria transmission in Alpine valleys","volume":"6","author":"Girel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773211","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.773211","article-title":"Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission","volume":"12","author":"Viglietta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manguin, S. (2013). Anopheles Mosquitoes-New Insights into Malaria Vectors, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/3392"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1634489","article-title":"The native European Aedes geniculatus mosquito species can transmit chikungunya virus","volume":"8","author":"Prudhomme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90303-8","article-title":"Natural infections of Wuchereria bancrofti in Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis and Aedes (Finlaya) samoanus in Samoa","volume":"81","author":"Samarawickrema","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003514","article-title":"Vector competence, for Wuchereria bancrofti, of the Anopheles populations in the Bongo district of Ghana","volume":"98","author":"Boakye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9733","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00694-10","article-title":"Viral Mutation Rates","volume":"84","author":"Nebot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazeille, M., Moutailler, S., Coudrier, D., Rousseaux, C., Khun, H., Huerre, M., Thiria, J., Dehecq, J.-S., Fontenille, D., and Schuffenecker, I. (2007). Two Chikungunya Isolates from the Outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) Exhibit Different Patterns of Infection in the Mosquito, Aedes albopictus. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001168"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.3.491-562.1994","article-title":"The alphaviruses: Gene expression, replication, and evolution","volume":"58","author":"Strauss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001","article-title":"Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses","volume":"75","author":"Powers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S436","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw391","article-title":"Chikungunya: Its History in Africa and Asia and Its Spread to New Regions in 2013\u20132014","volume":"214","author":"Zeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.04.006","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of Chikungunya virus: An updating review","volume":"41","author":"Cella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0375","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Strains Circulating in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"94","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4114-4126.2004","article-title":"Description of the Transcriptomes of Immune Response-Activated Hemocytes from the Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus","volume":"72","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104611","article-title":"GloPID-R report on chikungunya, o\u2019nyong-nyong and Mayaro virus, part 2: Epidemiological distribution of o\u2019nyong-nyong virus","volume":"172","author":"Pezzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1748965","article-title":"Chikungunya fever in Africa: A systematic review","volume":"114","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Ramirez, J.L., and Dimopoulos, G. (2008). The Aedes aegypti Toll Pathway Controls Dengue Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000098"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, J.L., Souza-Neto, J., Cosme, R.T., Rovira, J., Ortiz, A., Pascale, J.M., and Dimopoulos, G. (2012). Reciprocal Tripartite Interactions between the Aedes aegypti Midgut Microbiota, Innate Immune System and Dengue Virus Influences Vector Competence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001561"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, M.A., Etebari, K., Hart, C.E., Widen, S.G., Wood, T.G., Thangamani, S., Asgari, S., and Hughes, G.L. (2017). Zika virus alters the microRNA expression profile and elicits an RNAi response in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005760"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Srivastava, P., Sirisena, P., Dubey, S.K., Kumar, R., Shrinet, J., and Sunil, S. (2018). Mosquito Innate Immunity. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9030095"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adusei, J.A., Narkwa, P.W., Owusu, M., Domfeh, S.A., Alhassan, M., Appau, E., Salam, A., and Mutocheluh, M. (2021). Evidence of chikungunya virus infections among febrile patients at three secondary health facilities in the Ashanti and the Bono Regions of Ghana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009735"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138878","article-title":"Genome Sequence of Aedes aegypti, a Major Arbovirus Vector","volume":"316","author":"Nene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2101-0","article-title":"Potential of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations in the Central African Republic to transmit enzootic chikungunya virus strains","volume":"10","author":"Ngoagouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudo, E.S., Black, J.F.P., and Cliff, J.L. (2016). Chikungunya in Mozambique: A Forgotten History. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.090","article-title":"Emergence of Indian lineage of ECSA chikungunya virus in Djibouti, 2019","volume":"108","author":"Dia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74883-3","article-title":"Culicidae evolutionary history focusing on the Culicinae subfamily based on mitochondrial phylogenomics","volume":"10","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-64","article-title":"Mitochondrial genome sequences reveal deep divergences among Anopheles punctulatus sibling species in Papua New Guinea","volume":"12","author":"Logue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258522","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258522","article-title":"Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"347","author":"Neafsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, J.E., Alves, J.M., Palmer, W.J., Day, J.P., Sylla, M., Ramasamy, R., Surendran, S.N., Black, W.C.T., Pain, A., and Jiggins, F.M. (2017). Population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in West Africa recently gave rise to American and Asian populations of this major disease vector. BMC Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0351-0"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12281","article-title":"Human Impacts Have Shaped Historical and Recent Evolution in Aedes aegypti, the Dengue and Yellow Fever Mosquito","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076181","article-title":"The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"298","author":"Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120710-100651","article-title":"Mosquito Genomics: Progress and Challenges","volume":"57","author":"Severson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timoshevskiy, V.A., Kinney, N.A., Debruyn, B.S., Mao, C., Tu, Z., Severson, D.W., Sharakhov, I.V., and Sharakhova, M.V. (2014). Genomic composition and evolution of Aedes aegypti chromosomes revealed by the analysis of physically mapped supercontigs. BMC Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-12-27"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.11.006","article-title":"The DNA chaperone HMGB1 potentiates the transcriptional activity of Rel1A in the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"80","author":"Amarante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1266","article-title":"The Tudor protein Veneno assembles the ping-pong amplification complex that produces viral piRNAs in Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"47","author":"Joosten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406983101","article-title":"RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O\u2019nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae","volume":"101","author":"Keene","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morazzani, E.M., Wiley, M.R., Murreddu, M.G., Adelman, Z.N., and Myles, K.M. (2012). Production of Virus-Derived Ping-Pong-Dependent piRNA-like Small RNAs in the Mosquito Soma. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002470"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.04.016","article-title":"Chikungunya: Evolutionary history and recent epidemic spread","volume":"120","author":"Weaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Johnson, B.K. (2019). The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.060199","article-title":"O\u2019nyong-nyong Virus, Chad","volume":"12","author":"Bessaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29564","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29564","article-title":"Importance of mosquito \u201cquasispecies\u201d in selecting an epidemic arthropod-borne virus","volume":"6","author":"Vazeille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandary, M.B., Masomian, M., and Poh, C.L. (2019). Impact of RNA Virus Evolution on Quasispecies Formation and Virulence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184657"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00482-8","article-title":"Population bottlenecks and founder effects: Implications for mosquito-borne arboviral emergence","volume":"19","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9437","article-title":"Emergence of Epidemic O\u2019nyong-nyong Fever in Uganda after a 35-Year Absence: Genetic Characterization of the Virus","volume":"252","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.10.4992-4997.2006","article-title":"Effects of an Opal Termination Codon Preceding the nsP4 Gene Sequence in the O\u2019Nyong-Nyong Virus Genome on Anopheles gambiae Infectivity","volume":"80","author":"Myles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6tte, B., Liu, L., and McInerney, G.M. (2018). The Enigmatic Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 (nsP3) Revealing Its Secrets at Last. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030105"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01456-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01456-17","article-title":"Disruption of the Opal Stop Codon Attenuates Chikungunya Virus-Induced Arthritis and Pathology","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-169","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the genome sequences and replication profiles of chikungunya virus isolates within the East, Central and South African (ECSA) lineage","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072795","article-title":"Tissue Barriers to Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"10","article-title":"Putative chikungunya virus-specific receptor proteins on the midgut brush border membrane of Aedes aegypti mosquito","volume":"107","author":"Mourya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2210-4","article-title":"Involvement of ATP synthase \u03b2 subunit in chikungunya virus entry into insect cells","volume":"159","author":"Fongsaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0728-7","article-title":"Dengue-2-virus-interacting polypeptides involved in mosquito cell infection","volume":"155","author":"Paingankar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12155","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Midgut Infected with O\u2019nyong\u2013Nyong Virus","volume":"50","author":"Rider","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.06.002","article-title":"Use of a tandem affinity purification assay to detect interactions between West Nile and dengue viral proteins and proteins of the mosquito vector","volume":"417","author":"Colpitts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, E., Solignat, M., Gay, B., Chazal, N., Higgs, S., Devaux, C., and Briant, L. (2010). Endocytosis of Chikungunya Virus into Mammalian Cells: Role of Clathrin and Early Endosomal Compartments. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011479"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantor, A.M., Grant, D.G., Balaraman, V., White, T.A., and Franz, A.W.E. (2018). Ultrastructural Analysis of Chikungunya Virus Dissemination from the Midgut of the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100571"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.12.004","article-title":"How Do Virus\u2013Mosquito Interactions Lead to Viral Emergence?","volume":"34","author":"Ebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S., Balaraman, V., Kantor, A.M., Lin, J., Grant, D.G., Held, N.L., and Franz, A.W.E. (2017). Chikungunya virus dissemination from the midgut of Aedes aegypti is associated with temporal basal lamina degradation during bloodmeal digestion. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005976"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24729","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24729","article-title":"Infection pattern and transmission potential of chikungunya virus in two New World laboratory-adapted Aedes aegypti strains","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412984112","article-title":"Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles for RNA interference and gut microbiota","volume":"112","author":"Carissimo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00492","article-title":"Aedes\u2013Chikungunya Virus Interaction: Key Role of Vector Midguts Microbiota and Its Saliva in the Host Infection","volume":"10","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.82","article-title":"Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"Vogels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchankouo-Nguetcheu, S., Khun, H., Pincet, L., Roux, P., Bahut, M., Huerre, M., Guette, C., and Choumet, V. (2010). Differential Protein Modulation in Midguts of Aedes aegypti Infected with Chikungunya and Dengue 2 Viruses. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013149"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.616","article-title":"Differential Infectivities of O\u2019nyong-Nyong and Chikungunya Virus Isolates in Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"72","author":"VanLandingham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarlane, M., Arias-Goeta, C., Martin, E., O\u2019Hara, Z., Lulla, A., Mousson, L., Rainey, S.M., Misbah, S., Schnettler, E., and Donald, C.L. (2014). Characterization of Aedes aegypti Innate-Immune Pathways that Limit Chikungunya Virus Replication. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002994"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02050","article-title":"Aedes aegypti Molecular Responses to Zika Virus: Modulation of Infection by the Toll and Jak\/Stat Immune Pathways and Virus Host Factors","volume":"8","author":"MacLeod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldock, J., Olson, K.E., and Christophides, G.K. (2012). Anopheles gambiae Antiviral Immune Response to Systemic O\u2019nyong-nyong Infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001565"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, A., Jan, E., Sarnow, P., and Schneider, D. (2009). The Imd Pathway Is Involved in Antiviral Immune Responses in Drosophila. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007436"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Vargas, I., Scott, J.C., Poole-Smith, B.K., Franz, A.W.E., Barbosa-Solomieu, V., Wilusz, J., Olson, K.E., and Blair, C.D. (2009). Dengue Virus Type 2 Infections of Aedes aegypti Are Modulated by the Mosquito\u2019s RNA Interference Pathway. PLOS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000299"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Liu, L., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y.O., Colpitts, T.M., Feitosa, F., Anderson, J.F., and Fikrig, E. (2011). An In Vivo Transfection Approach Elucidates a Role for Aedes aegypti Thioester-Containing Proteins in Flaviviral Infection. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022786"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.21.11427","article-title":"Constitutive expression of a complement-like protein in Toll and JAK gain-of-function mutants of Drosophila","volume":"97","author":"Lagueux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.005","article-title":"Two Mosquito LRR Proteins Function as Complement Control Factors in the TEP1-Mediated Killing of Plasmodium","volume":"5","author":"Fraiture","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171400","article-title":"Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Complex Activates Mosquito Complement in Defense Against Plasmodium Parasites","volume":"324","author":"Povelones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitri, C., Bischoff, E., Takashima, E., Williams, M., Eiglmeier, K., Pain, A., Guelbeogo, W.M., Gn\u00e9m\u00e9, A., Brito-Fravallo, E., and Holm, I. (2015). An Evolution-Based Screen for Genetic Differentiation between Anopheles Sister Taxa Enriches for Detection of Functional Immune Factors. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005306"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterhouse, R.M., Povelones, M., and Christophides, G.K. (2010). Sequence-structure-function relations of the mosquito leucine-rich repeat immune proteins. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-531"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Alto, B.W., and Shin, D. (2019). Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214935","article-title":"Disease Tolerance as a Defense Strategy","volume":"335","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12410","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12410","article-title":"Virus-derived DNA drives mosquito vector tolerance to arboviral infection","volume":"7","author":"Goic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2542","article-title":"RNA-mediated interference and reverse transcription control the persistence of RNA viruses in the insect model Drosophila","volume":"14","author":"Goic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00890","article-title":"Arboviruses and the Challenge to Establish Systemic and Persistent Infections in Competent Mosquito Vectors: The Interaction with the RNAi Mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw018","article-title":"Duplication and Diversification of Dipteran Argonaute Genes, and the Evolutionary Divergence of Piwi and Aubergine","volume":"8","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.05.010","article-title":"Nonretroviral integrated RNA viruses in arthropod vectors: An occasional event or something more?","volume":"22","author":"Olson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palatini, U., Miesen, P., Carballar-Lejarazu, R., Ometto, L., Rizzo, E., Tu, Z., van Rij, R.P., and Bonizzoni, M. (2017). Comparative genomics shows that viral integrations are abundant and express piRNAs in the arboviral vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3903-3"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407046111","article-title":"Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by an endogenous bornavirus-like element in the ground squirrel genome","volume":"111","author":"Fujino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"133","article-title":"Multiplication of Chikungunya and O\u2019nyong-nyong Viruses in Singh\u2019s Aedes Cell Lines","volume":"55","author":"Buckley","year":"1971","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., McGee, C.E., Volk, S.M., Van Landingham, D.L., Weaver, S.C., and Higgs, S. (2009). Epistatic Roles of E2 Glycoprotein Mutations in Adaption of Chikungunya Virus to Aedes albopictus and Ae. Aegypti Mosquitoes. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006835"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusali, G., Colavita, F., Bordi, L., Lalle, E., Ippolito, G., Capobianchi, M.R., and Castilletti, C. (2019). Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020175"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0962-1075.2004.00521.x","article-title":"Infection patterns of o\u2019nyong nyong virus in the malaria-transmitting mosquito, Anopheles gambiae","volume":"13","author":"Brault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.663","article-title":"Determinants of Vector Specificity of O\u2019nyong Nyong and Chikungunya Viruses in Anopheles and Aedes Mosquitoes","volume":"74","author":"VanLandingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lello, L.S., Utt, A., Bartholomeeusen, K., Wang, S., Rausalu, K., Kendall, C., Coppens, S., Fragkoudis, R., Tuplin, A., and Alphey, L. (2020). Cross-utilisation of template RNAs by alphavirus replicases. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008825"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001931","article-title":"O\u2019nyong nyong Virus Molecular Determinants of Unique Vector Specificity Reside in Non-Structural Protein","volume":"7","author":"Ledermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00189-09","article-title":"The Crystal Structures of Chikungunya and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus nsP3 Macro Domains Define a Conserved Adenosine Binding Pocket","volume":"83","author":"Malet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210418109","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into alphavirus polyprotein processing and pathogenesis","volume":"109","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27775","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002195200","article-title":"Phosphorylation Site Analysis of Semliki Forest Virus Nonstructural Protein J","volume":"275","author":"Vihinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agback, P., Shernyukov, A., Dominguez, F., Agback, T., and Frolova, E.I. (2020). Novel NMR Assignment Strategy Reveals Structural Heterogeneity in Solution of the nsP3 HVD Domain of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245824"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6ertz, G.P., Lingemann, M., Geertsema, C., Abma-Henkens, M.H.C., Vogels, C.B.F., Koenraadt, C.J.M., van Oers, M.M., and Pijlman, G.P. (2018). Conserved motifs in the hypervariable domain of chikungunya virus nsP3 required for transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006958"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201508028","article-title":"G3BP\u2013Caprin1\u2013USP10 complexes mediate stress granule condensation and associate with 40S subunits","volume":"212","author":"Kedersha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03612-14","article-title":"Stress Granule Components G3BP1 and G3BP2 Play a Proviral Role Early in Chikungunya Virus Replication","volume":"89","author":"Scholte","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1070-4","article-title":"Mosquito Rasputin interacts with chikungunya virus nsP3 and determines the infection rate in Aedes albopictus","volume":"8","author":"Fros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625711","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.625711","article-title":"A Tale of 20 Alphaviruses; Inter-species Diversity and Conserved Interactions between Viral Non-structural Protein 3 and Stress Granule Proteins","volume":"9","author":"Nowee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah, N., Ahemad, N., Aliazis, K., Khairat, J.E., Lee, T.C., Ahmad, S.A.A., Adnan, N.A.A., Macha, N.O., and Hassan, S.S. (2021). The Putative Roles and Functions of Indel, Repetition and Duplication Events in Alphavirus Non-Structural Protein 3 Hypervariable Domain (nsP3 HVD) in Evolution, Viability and Re-Emergence. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061021"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00734-y","article-title":"Chikungunya virus non-structural protein nsP3 interacts with Aedes aegypti DEAD-box helicase RM62F","volume":"32","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.048","article-title":"Flavivirus serocomplex cross-reactive immunity is protective by activating heterologous memory CD4 T cells","volume":"79","author":"Saron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wichit, S., Gumpangseth, N., Hamel, R., Yainoy, S., Arikit, S., Punsawad, C., and Miss\u00e9, D. (2021). Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040448"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15412","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15412","article-title":"Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.100994","article-title":"Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20929","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.41.20929","article-title":"Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections\u2013an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012\u20132014","volume":"19","author":"Roth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.01.002","article-title":"Current concerns and perspectives on Zika virus co-infection with arboviruses and HIV","volume":"89","author":"Rothan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0020-y","article-title":"Co-circulation of the dengue with chikungunya virus during the 2013 outbreak in the southern part of Lao PDR","volume":"44","author":"Phommanivong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis530","article-title":"Recent Introduction and Rapid Dissemination of Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Associated with Human and Mosquito Coinfections in Gabon, Central Africa","volume":"55","author":"Caron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6ertz, G.P., Vogels, C.B.F., Geertsema, C., Koenraadt, C.J.M., and Pijlman, G.P. (2017). Mosquito co-infection with Zika and chikungunya virus allows simultaneous transmission without affecting vector competence of Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005654"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieme, C., Zmarlak, N.M., Brito-Fravallo, E., Travaill\u00e9, C., Pain, A., Cherrier, F., Gen\u00e8ve, C., Alvarez, E.C., Riehle, M.M., and Vernick, K.D. (2020). Exposure of Anopheles mosquitoes to trypanosomes reduces reproductive fitness and enhances susceptibility to Plasmodium. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008059"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0580","article-title":"No Evidence of O\u2019nyong-Nyong Viremia among Children with Febrile Illness in Kenya (2015\u20132018)","volume":"104","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202101272","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101272","article-title":"Malaria abrogates O\u2019nyong\u2013nyong virus pathologies by restricting virus infection in nonimmune cells","volume":"5","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boussier, J., Levi, L., Weger-Lucarelli, J., Poirier, E.Z., Vignuzzi, M., and Albert, M.L. (2020). Chikungunya virus superinfection exclusion is mediated by a block in viral replication and does not rely on non-structural protein 2. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241592"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy241","article-title":"Infection Pattern of Mayaro Virus in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Transmission Potential of the Virus in Mixed Infections with Chikungunya Virus","volume":"56","author":"Kantor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minkeu, F.N., and Vernick, K.D. (2018). A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050222"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22945-y","article-title":"Mapping the virome in wild-caught Aedes aegypti from Cairns and Bangkok","volume":"8","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6191","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv587","article-title":"Sequence-independent characterization of viruses based on the pattern of viral small RNAs produced by the host","volume":"43","author":"Aguiar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thannesberger, J., Rascovan, N., Eisenmann, A., Klymiuk, I., Zittra, C., Fuehrer, H.-P., Scantlebury-Manning, T., Gittens-St. Hilaire, M., Austin, S., and Landis, R.C. (2020). Highly Sensitive Virome Characterization of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens Complex from Central Europe and the Caribbean Reveals Potential for Interspecies Viral Transmission. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090686"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.07.031","article-title":"West African Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes harbor a taxonomically diverse virome including new insect-specific flaviviruses, mononegaviruses, and totiviruses","volume":"498","author":"Fauver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belda, E., Nanfack-Minkeu, F., Eiglmeier, K., Carissimo, G., Holm, I., Diallo, M., Diallo, D., Vantaux, A., Kim, S., and Sharakhov, I.V. (2019). De novo profiling of RNA viruses in Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes from forest ecological zones in Senegal and Cambodia. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6034-1"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.002","article-title":"The virome of vector mosquitoes","volume":"49","author":"Aguiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carissimo, G., Eiglmeier, K., Reveillaud, J., Holm, I., Diallo, M., Diallo, D., Vantaux, A., Kim, S., M\u00e9nard, D., and Siv, S. (2016). Identification and Characterization of Two Novel RNA Viruses from Anopheles gambiae Species Complex Mosquitoes. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153881"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.02.016","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of an insect-specific flavivirus in a naturally infected Culex pipiens laboratory colony and effects of co-infection on vector competence for West Nile virus","volume":"427","author":"Bolling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.05.009","article-title":"Eilat virus induces both homologous and heterologous interference","volume":"484","author":"Nasar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.022","article-title":"Dual Insect specific virus infection limits Arbovirus replication in Aedes mosquito cells","volume":"518","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baidaliuk, A., Miot, E.F., Lequime, S., Moltini-Conclois, I., Delaigue, F., Dabo, S., Dickson, L.B., Aubry, F., Merkling, S.H., and Cao-Lormeau, V.-M. (2019). Cell-Fusing Agent Virus Reduces Arbovirus Dissemination in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes In Vivo. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00705-19"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0043321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00433-21","article-title":"Negeviruses Reduce Replication of Alphaviruses during Coinfection","volume":"95","author":"Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42825-3","article-title":"Interaction of RNA viruses of the natural virome with the African malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii","volume":"9","author":"Mitri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.011","article-title":"The microbiome modulates arbovirus transmission in mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Hegde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22806","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22806","article-title":"Bacterial associations reveal spatial population dynamics in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Buck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.09.029","article-title":"Composition of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae microbiota from larval to adult stages","volume":"28","author":"Gimonneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12771","article-title":"Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development","volume":"23","author":"Coon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635772","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.635772","article-title":"Comprehensive Ecological and Geographic Characterization of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microbiomes in African Anopheles","volume":"12","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boissi\u00e8re, A., Tchioffo, M.T., Bachar, D., Abate, L., Marie, A., Nsango, S.E., Shahbazkia, H.R., Awono-Ambene, P.H., Levashina, E.A., and Christen, R. (2012). Midgut Microbiota of the Malaria Mosquito Vector Anopheles gambiae and Interactions with Plasmodium falciparum Infection. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002742"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05759.x","article-title":"Deep sequencing reveals extensive variation in the gut microbiota of wild mosquitoes from Kenya","volume":"21","author":"Mbogo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000423","article-title":"Implication of the Mosquito Midgut Microbiota in the Defense against Malaria Parasites","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1993.1076","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum: Inhibition of Sporogonic Development in Anopheles stephensi by Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"77","author":"Pumpuni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6921","article-title":"Antibiotics in ingested human blood affect the mosquito microbiota and capacity to transmit malaria","volume":"6","author":"Gendrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00306","article-title":"Leucine-Rich Immune Factor APL1 Is Associated with Specific Modulation of Enteric Microbiome Taxa in the Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi","volume":"11","author":"Mitri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.042","article-title":"A Wolbachia Symbiont in Aedes aegypti Limits Infection with Dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium","volume":"139","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyekum, T.P., Botwe, P.K., Arko-Mensah, J., Issah, I., Acquah, A.A., Hogarh, J.N., Dwomoh, D., Robins, T.G., and Fobil, J.N. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Effects of Temperature on Anopheles Mosquito Development and Survival: Implications for Malaria Control in a Future Warmer Climate. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0054.v1"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2088-6","article-title":"The contribution of dietary restriction to extended longevity in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii","volume":"10","author":"Faiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goindin, D., Delannay, C., Ramdini, C., Gustave, J., and Fouque, F. (2015). Parity and Longevity of Aedes aegypti According to Temperatures in Controlled Conditions and Consequences on Dengue Transmission Risks. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135489"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordecai, E.A., Cohen, J.M., Evans, M.V., Gudapati, P., Johnson, L.R., Lippi, C.A., Miazgowicz, K., Murdock, C.C., Rohr, J.R., and Ryan, S.J. (2017). Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya using mechanistic models. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800033","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.29.1800033","article-title":"Experimental risk assessment for chikungunya virus transmission based on vector competence, distribution and temperature suitability in Europe","volume":"23","author":"Heitmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584846","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.584846","article-title":"The Role of Temperature in Shaping Mosquito-Borne Viruses Transmission","volume":"11","author":"Bellone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10977-4","article-title":"Impact of temperature on dengue and chikungunya transmission by the mosquito Aedes albopictus","volume":"12","author":"Mercier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3923\/jp.2011.109.115","article-title":"Indoor Behaviour Responses of the Principal Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), in Relation to Micro-climatic Conditions in Minna, North Central Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Olayemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"651","article-title":"Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2808-6","article-title":"Effects of desiccation stress on adult female longevity in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Results of a systematic review and pooled survival analysis","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-018-0428-6","article-title":"Rainfall and Chikungunya incidences in India during 2010\u20132014","volume":"29","author":"Shil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01544-3","article-title":"Natural Variation in Physicochemical Profiles and Bacterial Communities Associated with Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites and Larvae on Guadeloupe and French Guiana","volume":"81","author":"Hery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, R.P., Dessie, Z.G., Noreddin, A., and El Zowalaty, M.E. (2020). Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the \u2018One Health\u2019 Concept. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040301"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053142","article-title":"Immune Response to Dengue and Zika","volume":"36","author":"Ngono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8780","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00655-16","article-title":"The Interferon-Stimulated Gene IFITM3 Restricts Infection and Pathogenesis of Arthritogenic and Encephalitic Alphaviruses","volume":"90","author":"Poddar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2019.01.004","article-title":"IFITM3: How genetics influence influenza infection demographically","volume":"42","author":"Wellington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:37:46Z","timestamp":1760121466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}}}