{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:28:19Z","timestamp":1792024099214,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["FKZ 2819113519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 2819113519"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["01Kl2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl2022"]}]},{"name":"Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation","award":["FKZ 2819113519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 2819113519"]}]},{"name":"Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation","award":["01Kl2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl2022"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 VEO","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 VEO","award":["FKZ 2819113519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 2819113519"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 VEO","award":["01Kl2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl2022"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)","award":["FKZ 2819113519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 2819113519"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)","award":["01Kl2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl2022"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF)","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF)","award":["FKZ 2819113519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 2819113519"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF)","award":["01Kl2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01Kl2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The West Nile Virus (WNV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) are avian-hosted mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses that co-circulate in some geographical areas and share vector species such as Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium. These are widespread in Europe, including northern parts and Finland, where SINV is endemic, but WNV is currently not. As WNV is spreading northwards in Europe, we wanted to assess the experimental vector competence of Finnish Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium mosquitoes to WNV and SINV in different temperature profiles. Both mosquito species were found susceptible to both viruses and got infected via infectious blood meal at a mean temperature of 18 \u00b0C. WNV-positive saliva was detected at a mean temperature of 24 \u00b0C, whereas SINV-positive saliva was detected already at a mean temperature of 18 \u00b0C. Cx. torrentium was found to be a more efficient vector for WNV and SINV over Cx. pipiens. Overall, the results were in line with the previous studies performed with more southern vector populations. The current climate does not seem optimal for WNV circulation in Finland, but temporary summertime transmission could occur in the future if all other essential factors are in place. More field data would be needed for monitoring and understanding the northward spreading of WNV in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1677038356000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Vector Competence of Northern European Culex pipiens Biotype pipiens and Culex torrentium to West Nile Virus and Sindbis Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruut","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essi M.","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renke","family":"L\u00fchken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Kliemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unchana","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Helms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri","family":"Kirjalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roope","family":"Nyk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilppa","family":"Gregow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pentti","family":"Pirinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli","family":"Vapalahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of 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Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0648-y","article-title":"Climate change: An enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control","volume":"21","author":"Dubrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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