{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:52:02Z","timestamp":1776725522835,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure exacerbations impart significant morbidity and mortality, however, large- scale studies assessing outcomes in the setting of concurrent coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are limited. We utilized National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to compare clinical outcomes in patients admitted with acute congestive heart failure exacerbation (CHF) with and without COVID-19 infection. A total of 2,101,980 patients (Acute CHF without COVID-19 (n = 2,026,765 (96.4%) and acute CHF with COVID-19 (n = 75,215, 3.6%)) were identified. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to compared outcomes and were adjusted for age, sex, race, income level, insurance status, discharge quarter, Elixhauser co-morbidities, hospital location, teaching status and bed size. Patients with acute CHF and COVID-19 had higher in-hospital mortality compared to patients with acute CHF alone (25.78% vs. 5.47%, adjust OR (aOR) 6.3 (95% CI 6.05\u20136.62, p &lt; 0.001)) and higher rates of vasopressor use (4.87% vs. 2.54%, aOR 2.06 (95% CI 1.86\u20132.27, p &lt; 0.001), mechanical ventilation (31.26% vs. 17.14%, aOR 2.3 (95% CI 2.25\u20132.44, p &lt; 0.001)), sudden cardiac arrest (5.73% vs. 2.88%, aOR 1.95 (95% CI 1.79\u20132.12, p &lt; 0.001)), and acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis (5.56% vs. 2.94%, aOR 1.92 (95% CI 1.77\u20132.09, p &lt; 0.001)). Moreover, patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (26.87% vs. 24.5%, adjusted OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.16\u20131.36, p &lt; 0.001)) with increased incidence of vasopressor use, sudden cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock as compared to patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Furthermore, elderly patients and patients with African-American and Hispanic descents had higher in-hospital mortality. Acute CHF with COVID-19 is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and end organ dysfunction such as kidney failure and cardiac arrest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:59:16Z","timestamp":1677038356000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["COVID-19 and Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7604-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeel","family":"Nasrullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburg, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Gangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harmon R.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umair A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nichole B.","family":"Shumway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneish","family":"Bobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John H Stronger Hospital, Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shazib","family":"Sagheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabal","family":"Chourasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Medicine, Mary Washington Hospital, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Shuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi 74700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sindhu Reddy","family":"Avula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Kansas, St. Francis Campus, Kansas City, KS 66606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1200-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0503-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Baker","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, February 18). 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