{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:05:10Z","timestamp":1783767910461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401,558\/2013-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401,558\/2013-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303.999\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303.999\/2016-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 2016 and 2018, Brazil experienced the largest sylvatic epidemic of yellow fever virus (YFV). Despite to the magnitude and rapid spread of the epidemic, little is known about YFV dispersion. The study evaluated whether the squirrel monkey is a good model for yellow fever (YF) studies. Methods: Ten animals were infected with 1 \u00d7 106 PFU\/mL of YFV, with one negative control. Blood samples were collected daily during the first 7 days and at 10, 20 and 30 days post infection (dpi) for detection of viral load and cytokines by RT-qPCR; measurements of AST, ALT, urea and creatinine were taken; IgM\/IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests were performed. The animals exhibited fever, flushed appearance, vomiting and petechiae, and one animal died. Viremia was detected between 1 and 10 dpi, and IgM\/IgG antibodies appeared between 4 and 30 dpi. The levels of AST, ALT and urea increased. The immune responses were characterized by expression of S100 and CD11b cells; endothelial markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and VLA-4), cell death and stress (Lysozyme and iNOS); and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2). The squirrel monkeys showed changes similar to those described in humans with YF, and are a good experimental model for the study of YF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T03:01:01Z","timestamp":1677207661000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental Yellow Fever in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri spp.): Hematological, Biochemical, and Immunological Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Milene S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia C.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla F. L.","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington B.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Center, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline A.","family":"Imbeloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Center, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Augusto P. C.","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Primate Center, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3859-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille F.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Nazar\u00e9 O.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4173-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9der B.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliane L.","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia B. M.","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz A. D.","family":"de Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Tesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro F. C.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030000, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Par\u00e1 State University, Bel\u00e9m 66050540, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7115","article-title":"Genomic and Epidemiological Monitoring of Yellow Fever Virus Transmission Potential","volume":"361","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14148","article-title":"Good neighbours: Distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment","volume":"42","author":"Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05186-3","article-title":"Potential risk of re-emergence of urban transmission of Yellow Fever virus in Brazil facilitated by competent Aedes populations","volume":"7","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-40-3-531","article-title":"Isolation of a Singh\u2019s Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses","volume":"40","author":"Igarashi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.158","article-title":"Mosquito cell cultures and specific monoclonal antibodies in surveillance for dengue viruses","volume":"33","author":"Gubler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.561","article-title":"Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination- inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses","volume":"7","author":"Clarke","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"167","article-title":"The use of a microhemagglutination-inhibition test to follow antibody response after arthropod-borne virus infection in a community of forest animals","volume":"11","author":"Shope","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534","article-title":"Observacional study of behavior: Sampling Methods","volume":"49","author":"Altmann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behavior"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta\u00e7\u00e3o Animal (CONCEA) (2018, April 12). Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Normativa n0 07, de 30 de abril de 2015. Determina o uso de Primatas n\u00e3o -Humanos para uso cient\u00edfico. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o 17 maio 2012, Available online: http:\/\/www.icmbio.gov.br\/cepsul\/images\/stories\/legislacao\/Instrucao_normativa\/2015\/in_ibama_07_2015_institui_categorias_uso_manejo_fauna_silvestre_cativeiro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01799-12","article-title":"Advanced yellow fever virus genome detection in point-of-care facilities and reference laboratories","volume":"50","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misener, S. (2000). Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology SK, Humana Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1385\/1592591922"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1823-1826.2000","article-title":"Standardization of Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Routine Diagnosis of Arboviral Infections","volume":"38","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.12.008","article-title":"Callithrix penicillata: A feasible experimental model for dengue virus infection","volume":"158","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1928.02690310005002","article-title":"Transmission of yellow fever to Macacus rhesus, preliminary note","volume":"90","author":"Stokes","year":"1928","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.50.1.81","article-title":"Studies on South American yellow fever; transmission of virus Brazilian monkey; preliminary observations","volume":"50","author":"Davis","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"321","article-title":"Susceptibility of capuchin (Cebus) monkey to yellow fever virus","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"1930","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60009-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of yellow fever","volume":"60","author":"Monath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190501","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760190501","article-title":"Experimental yellow fever virus infection in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri spp.) I: Gross anatomical and histopathological findings in organs at necropsy","volume":"115","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.431","article-title":"Pathophysiologic correlations in a rhesus monkey model of yellow fever: With special observations on the acute necrosis of B cell areas of lymphoid tissues","volume":"30","author":"Monath","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelmann, F., Josset, L., Girke, T., Park, B., Barron, A., Dewane, J., Hammarlund, E., Lewis, A., Axthelm, M.K., and Slifka, M.K. (2014). Pathophysiologic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Viscerotropic Yellow Fever in a rhesus Macaque Model. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003295"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Gubler, D.J., and Sather, G. Laboratory diagnosis of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Yellow Fever and Dengue, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M.A.B., Cardoso, J.C., Santos, E., Fonseca, D.F., Cruz, L.L., Faraco, F.J.C., Bercini, M.A., Vettorello, K.C., Porto, M.A., and Mohrdieck, R. (2014). Surveillance for Yellow Fever Virus in Non-Human Primates in Southern Brazil, 2001\u20132011: A Tool for Prioritizing Human Populations for Vaccination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002741"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2002000300004","article-title":"Febre amarela: Reflex\u00f5es sobre a doen\u00e7a, as perspectivas para o s\u00e9culo XXI e o risco da reurbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"5","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000200012","article-title":"Febre amarela","volume":"36","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ver. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.04.001","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of yellow fever in Brazil: Analysis of reported cases 1998\u20132002","volume":"101","author":"Tuboi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00016-0","article-title":"Yellow fever: An update","volume":"1","author":"Monath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"135","article-title":"DM Dengue","volume":"15","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.058","article-title":"Revisiting the liver in human yellow fevr: Virus-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes associated with TGF\u03b2, TNF\u03b1, and NK cells activity","volume":"345","author":"Quaresma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/613\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:40:32Z","timestamp":1760121632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]}}}